Every figure, by what it names
Every figure on this site carries a strip along its foot. The right-hand slot names what the picture was drawn under: an observer, or — where an observer is not the governing choice — the space, the model or the condition that is. That is this site's first figure rule, and it exists because a chromaticity diagram without one is a picture of an integral with the kernel left off.
This page is built by rendering all 4889 figure placements and reading those strips back out of the finished SVG, rather than from the code that wrote them. The two can differ, and where they do it is the picture that is right. 455 of them mark at least one region as colour the display cannot show rather than drawing an approximation of it.
The index exists because the rule was being kept in the way that costs nothing. When it was first built, across forty-six essays, 277 of 277 placements carried a strip — the rule, satisfied outright — and 204 of them named the same observer, with three naming the 1964 functions and all three of those in one essay. Two of sixty-four generators had ever been called with more than one distinct note. A label that never varies carries no information, and this one is the site's own thesis: the observer is a choice. Today 70 of 155 generators are called with more than one, and 29 are drawn under both standard observers, which is the difference between a family of figures and one picture shown repeatedly.
The set the number is a mean over
Added with the `depth-08` round, and the band whose existence is that round's finding. Every adaptation number in this collection is an average over a hundred and twenty-five constructed surfaces, and that set is a declaration: three numbers describing how bright and how saturated its members are, and a dimension fixed at three because three basis functions were written down. None of the four had ever been varied, and varying them moves the published levels by more than any declared width in the collection does. It sits first, ahead of the two observers, and the position is the argument. A figure in this band names an observer as well — the observer is held in every one of them — so naming it would name the thing that is fixed rather than the thing that was chosen. That is the same reasoning the coordinate band was added under, applied to a choice that was invisible for fourteen rounds because it lived in a function signature rather than in a table of constants. 197 figures.
CIE 1931 2° observer · the set, varied
- A chart decides what a camera scores over × 3 · hero
- A dial through a discrete menu over × 2
- A fourth dimension has a shape over × 6 · hero
- A lattice is a quadrature rule over × 9 · hero
- A mean has a set under it over × 8 · hero
- A mean is not a worst case over × 6
- A theorem about a family over × 8 · hero
- An extremum is still not a sample over × 5
- Every worst surface sits on a declaration over × 2
- Four steps the test set cannot order over × 8 · hero
- Saturation is nearly everything over × 8 · hero
- The census in six units over
- The disagreement is at the near end over
- The error on a gap is not the errors at its ends over × 8 · hero
- The input nobody declared over × 8 · hero
- The instrument named the pair that moved over × 10 · hero
- The row a fourth dimension improves over × 8 · hero
- The surfaces that answer nothing over × 9 · hero
- Two instruments and one ranking over × 2
- What the audit still cannot reach over × 6 · hero
adaptation as a diagonal · the test set, 125 surfaces
- A camera balances in another basis gain-basis × 6 · hero
- A choice with no magnitude gain-census
- A gain needs a basis gain-basis × 7 · hero
- A gain needs a basis gain-census
- A mean has a set under it gain-census
- Dividing by the paper gain-census × 2 · hero
- Downhill from a published matrix gain-basis
- Everyone is beaten by the same wall gain-census × 5
- Everyone is beaten by the same wall gain-basis
- Four steps the test set cannot order gain-census
- One unit in another room gain-census × 6 · hero
- Only one dimmer is invisible gain-census × 2 · hero
- Only one of these devices adapts gain-census × 6 · hero
- The census is a construction too gain-census × 4
- The darkest wall anybody sells gain-census
- The filters inside the eye gain-census × 2 · hero
- The same wall applied twice gain-census × 2 · hero
- Two points out of three gain-basis
- What no adaptation can remove gain-census × 6 · hero
- What no adaptation can remove gain-basis
- Which changes of light pay for it gain-census × 7
- Which lamp changes are free gain-census × 6 · hero
the set, bounded
- A mean is not a worst case bound × 3 · hero
- An extremum is still not a sample bound × 3 · hero
- Every worst surface sits on a declaration bound × 3 · hero
The unit the number is printed in
The band whose existence is a finding. Almost every number this collection publishes about a difference between two colours is in CIEDE2000, and the unit was chosen once by importing a function. Recomputed under the five other formulae available, with each first scaled onto the published one's footing, six published quantities move by between 1.71 and 2.30. It sits ahead of the two observers for the reason the set band does: a figure here names an observer as well, because one observer is held in every one of them, so classifying by the observer would file it under the thing that is fixed rather than the thing that was chosen. 100 figures.
CIE 1931 2° observer · the unit, varied
- A choice with no magnitude ruler × 8 · hero
- A deviation is not a difference ruler
- A dial through a discrete menu ruler × 7 · hero
- A model judged in another model's unit ruler × 10 · hero
- A size is not a direction ruler
- A tolerance is a boundary through pairs ruler × 7 · hero
- A unit rests on a space that was ranked ruler × 8 · hero
- The census in six units ruler × 8 · hero
- The coincidence was a mechanism ruler × 6 · hero
- The disagreement is at the near end ruler × 9 · hero
- The objective nobody chose ruler × 7 · hero
- The observers differ by a unit's worth ruler × 7 · hero
- The weighting is the disagreement ruler × 8 · hero
- Three choices reached ruler × 6 · hero
- Two instruments and one ranking ruler × 6 · hero
- What one number accepts ruler
What the observer is allowed to know
For the family that counts an adaptation model's parameters by where each one has to come from. A model needing nine numbers about the room is not a better model than one needing three; it is a model of something else, because the nine are the change of light the observer is trying to discount. The observer is held in every figure here and the information it is granted is not, so the strip names the second. 24 figures.
CIE 1931 2° observer · what the observer may know, varied
- A model is a claim about what can be known reach × 8 · hero
- A partial correction is worth its fraction reach × 7 · hero
- Three choices reached reach
- Three numbers the scene supplies reach × 8 · hero
The aperture the sample was measured through
Added with the round that audited the model equation. A translucent sample does not have a reflectance; it has a kernel, and what an instrument reads is that kernel integrated over the hole it is looking through. Two instruments differing only in the size of that hole return different for the same slab — up to a hue on the other side of neutral — so the strip names the aperture rather than the observer, which is held at 1931 in every figure here. 72 figures.
CIE 1931 2° observer · the aperture, varied
- A pair the aperture separates lateral × 8 · hero · marks 20 unreachable
- A pixel has an aperture too lateral × 8 · hero · marks 26 unreachable
- A surface has a kernel lateral × 9 · hero · marks 17 unreachable
- An aperture is a filter lateral × 8 · hero · marks 24 unreachable
- Either disc can be the wide one lateral × 8 · hero · marks 14 unreachable
- Either factor being zero lateral
- The appearance model has no slot for it lateral × 8 · hero · marks 18 unreachable
- The chart was measured, not photographed lateral
- The colour is in the thickness lateral
- The departures are larger than the tolerance lateral
- The hue the hole decides lateral × 9 · hero · marks 24 unreachable
- The model has six arguments lateral
- Two blurs before the eye's own lateral × 7 · hero · marks 24 unreachable
- Two departures that partly cancel lateral · marks 12 unreachable
- Which index to buy an instrument for lateral
The field the sample was standing in
Added with the same round, for the figures whose subject is that a reflectance is an average over directions. A reading is the sample's own reflectance when the illumination is uniform — a theorem, and the reason the integrating sphere exists — and no room is uniform. So the governing choice in these figures is the shape of the light arriving, and that is what the strip names. 16 figures.
CIE 1931 2° observer · the field, varied
- A mixture in the variable nobody named angular × 7 · hero · marks 7 unreachable
- A room is not a sphere angular × 7 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- Paint is not a filter angular
- The model has six arguments angular
The grid the integral is summed over
Added with the round that audited the observer's tabulation. Eighty-one numbers from 380 to 780 in steps of five is not a property of the eye, of the light or of the sample; it is a choice a committee made about paper, and it has three separable parts — a step, a range, and a rule for the values in between. A figure in this band holds one analytic observer fixed and varies the index it is summed over, so naming the observer would name the constant. It sits ahead of the two observer bands for the same reason the set and unit bands do. 116 figures.
the grid, varied · 300–830 against 380–780
- A grid is not a resolution tabulation
- A lamp is two audits at once tabulation
- A neutral has no grid tabulation
- The grid under the census tabulation
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- The normaliser carries the error too tabulation
- Two ends and one is empty tabulation × 4 · hero
the grid, varied · 5 lights
- The cost of a steep notch repeats every step tabulation
- The line can be in the sample tabulation × 2
the grid, varied · 5 nm read at 1 nm
- A finer reading of a coarser table tabulation × 2 · hero
the grid, varied · 5 nm, five origins
- A finer reading of a coarser table tabulation
- A grid is not a resolution tabulation
- A lamp is two audits at once tabulation
- A neutral has no grid tabulation
- The endpoint term has a name tabulation
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- The line can be in the sample tabulation
- The slit is what makes it legal tabulation
- Where the grid starts tabulation × 2 · hero
- Which end to buy tabulation
the grid, varied · 6500 K
- The cost of a steep notch repeats every step tabulation × 4 · hero
- Two slits are not one slit tabulation
the grid, varied · a 5 nm tabulation
- The slit is what makes it legal tabulation × 2 · hero
- Two slits are not one slit tabulation
- Where the grid starts tabulation
the grid, varied · a fluorescent tube
- The line can be in the sample tabulation
- Two slits are not one slit tabulation × 2
the grid, varied · a fluorescent tube, mercury lines on a phosphor bed
- The index is a choice too tabulation × 2 · hero
- The line can be in the sample tabulation
- Where the grid starts tabulation
the grid, varied · a three-emitter LED lamp
- A finer reading of a coarser table tabulation
the grid, varied · a three-laser projector at white
- The slit is what makes it legal tabulation
the grid, varied · fluorescent tube
- The cost of a steep notch repeats every step tabulation
- Two slits are not one slit tabulation × 4 · hero
the grid, varied · forty-two surfaces
- A finer reading of a coarser table tabulation
- A grid is not a resolution tabulation
- A lamp is two audits at once tabulation
- A neutral has no grid tabulation × 2 · hero
- The endpoint term has a name tabulation
- The grid under the census tabulation × 3 · hero
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- Two ends and one is empty tabulation
- Which end to buy tabulation × 4 · hero
the grid, varied · neutral, 6 lights
- A neutral has no grid tabulation
- The conditions are the result tabulation
the grid, varied · notch, 6 lights
- The slit is what makes it legal tabulation
the grid, varied · paper, 6 lights
- A grid is not a resolution tabulation × 2 · hero
- Two ends and one is empty tabulation
the grid, varied · power against product
- A lamp is two audits at once tabulation × 2 · hero
- The grid under the census tabulation
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- Two ends and one is empty tabulation × 2
the grid, varied · steep sides
- The cost of a steep notch repeats every step tabulation × 2
the grid, varied · the normaliser at 5 nm
- A grid is not a resolution tabulation
- A lamp is two audits at once tabulation
- A neutral has no grid tabulation
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- The normaliser carries the error too tabulation × 5 · hero
- The slit is what makes it legal tabulation
- Where the grid starts tabulation
the grid, varied · two origins
- The line can be in the sample tabulation × 3 · hero
the grid, varied · two quadrature rules
- A finer reading of a coarser table tabulation
- A grid is not a resolution tabulation
- The endpoint term has a name tabulation × 4 · hero
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- The slit is what makes it legal tabulation
- Which end to buy tabulation
the grid, varied · vermilion, 6 lights
- A finer reading of a coarser table tabulation
- A lamp is two audits at once tabulation
- The endpoint term has a name tabulation
- The grid under the census tabulation
- The index is a choice too tabulation
- The normaliser carries the error too tabulation
- Where the grid starts tabulation
- Which end to buy tabulation
the slit, varied · this site's analytic observer
- A second slit buys a quarter tabulation × 7 · hero
The observer itself, as a variable
Added with the same round, and it is the band this site spent nineteen rounds not needing. Every other band names what was chosen while the observer was held; here the observer IS the choice — a field size, an age, a macular density, a set of peak wavelengths, a rod contribution — and the strip says so rather than naming one of them. It sits ahead of the pigment band deliberately. A figure here is built from the same pigment template those are, and filing it under the template would name the machinery rather than the argument. 222 figures.
the observer, varied · against CIE 1931
- The reference had to be built observer-audit × 2 · hero
- Three curves for one space observer-audit
the observer, varied · against the grid
- A size is not a direction observer-audit
- One wavelength is everyone's colour observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The chart was measured by an observer too observer-audit
- The grid hid the observer observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The peaks move the flanks observer-audit
the observer, varied · each factor emptied
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit
- A departure is straight in the excitations observer-audit
- A gain is not an observer observer-audit
- A neutral has no grid observer-audit
- A neutral is everyone's colour observer-audit × 3 · hero
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit
- A tolerance with an observer in it observer-audit
- An observer is a contract observer-audit
- The appearance model takes XYZ observer-audit
- The booth and the eye disagree observer-audit
- The census under another observer observer-audit
- The chart was measured by an observer too observer-audit
- The conditions are the result observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The identity is in the eye's own coordinates observer-audit
- The instrument is one observer exactly observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The observer has no age observer-audit
- The reference had to be built observer-audit
- The rods are a fourth curve observer-audit
- The third factor is a construction observer-audit
- Three curves for one space observer-audit
- Two observers and one metamer observer-audit × 2 · hero
the observer, varied · forty-two surfaces
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit × 2 · hero
- A departure is straight in the excitations observer-audit × 2
- A field size is two changes observer-audit × 2
- A gain is not an observer observer-audit
- A neutral is everyone's colour observer-audit × 2
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit
- A tolerance with an observer in it observer-audit × 2 · hero
- An observer is a contract observer-audit × 2
- One wavelength is everyone's colour observer-audit
- The appearance model takes XYZ observer-audit
- The booth and the eye disagree observer-audit
- The census under another observer observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The chart was measured by an observer too observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The conditions are the result observer-audit
- The grid hid the observer observer-audit
- The instrument is one observer exactly observer-audit
- The macular is a band, not a filter observer-audit
- The observer has no age observer-audit
- The peaks move the flanks observer-audit
- The ranking is not stable observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The rods are a fourth curve observer-audit
- The rods' route is priced by the lamp observer-audit
- The third factor is a construction observer-audit
- Two observers and one metamer observer-audit
the observer, varied · notch under daylight
- The ranking is not stable observer-audit
- Two observers and one metamer observer-audit
the observer, varied · notch under incandescent
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit
the observer, varied · on a 0.25 nm grid
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit
- One wavelength is everyone's colour observer-audit
- The grid hid the observer observer-audit
- The lens is worst under tungsten observer-audit
- The peaks move the flanks observer-audit
the observer, varied · on this site’s grid
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit
- A field size is two changes observer-audit × 2
- A gain is not an observer observer-audit
- A neutral is everyone's colour observer-audit
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit
- A tolerance with an observer in it observer-audit
- An observer is a contract observer-audit
- The booth and the eye disagree observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The census under another observer observer-audit
- The chart was measured by an observer too observer-audit
- The grid hid the observer observer-audit
- The instrument is one observer exactly observer-audit
- The lens is worst under tungsten observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The macular is a band, not a filter observer-audit
- The observer has no age observer-audit
- The ranking is not stable observer-audit
- The rods are a fourth curve observer-audit
- The third factor is a construction observer-audit
- Two observers and one metamer observer-audit
the observer, varied · seven arguments
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit × 2 · hero
- An observer is a contract observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The reference had to be built observer-audit
- The third factor is a construction observer-audit × 2 · hero
- Three curves for one space observer-audit × 2 · hero
the observer, varied · the age of the lens
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit
- A departure is straight in the excitations observer-audit
- A neutral is everyone's colour observer-audit
- The census under another observer observer-audit
- The observer has no age observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The ranking is not stable observer-audit
the observer, varied · the cone optical density
- A departure is straight in the excitations observer-audit
- A gain is not an observer observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The reference had to be built observer-audit
the observer, varied · the field size
- A field size is two changes observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The appearance model takes XYZ observer-audit
- The identity is in the eye's own coordinates observer-audit
the observer, varied · the macular pigment
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit
- A departure is straight in the excitations observer-audit × 2 · hero
- A neutral has no grid observer-audit
- A neutral is everyone's colour observer-audit
- A tolerance with an observer in it observer-audit
- The appearance model takes XYZ observer-audit
- The conditions are the result observer-audit
- The instrument is one observer exactly observer-audit
- The lens is worst under tungsten observer-audit
- The macular is a band, not a filter observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The reference had to be built observer-audit
the observer, varied · the pigment peaks
- A departure is straight in the excitations observer-audit
- One wavelength is everyone's colour observer-audit × 2
- The peaks move the flanks observer-audit × 3 · hero
- Three curves for one space observer-audit
- Two observers and one metamer observer-audit
the observer, varied · the rods
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit
- The ranking is not stable observer-audit
- The rods are a fourth curve observer-audit × 3 · hero
the observer, varied · the rods against the S cones
- A rod signal has no natural size observer-audit
- The rods' route is priced by the lamp observer-audit
the observer, varied · the rods against the cones
- The reference lamp must not move observer-audit
- The rods' route is priced by the lamp observer-audit
the observer, varied · the rods, routed
- The reference lamp must not move observer-audit
- The rods' route is priced by the lamp observer-audit
the observer, varied · the rods, routed three ways
- A rod signal has no natural size observer-audit × 5 · hero
- The reference lamp must not move observer-audit × 4 · hero
- The rods' route is priced by the lamp observer-audit × 3 · hero
the observer, varied · three adaptation routes
- A gain is not an observer observer-audit
- The appearance model takes XYZ observer-audit × 2 · hero
- The identity is in the eye's own coordinates observer-audit × 3 · hero
- The instrument is one observer exactly observer-audit
- The reference had to be built observer-audit
- Three curves for one space observer-audit
the observer, varied · vermilion under daylight
- A deviation is not a difference observer-audit
- A field size is two changes observer-audit
- A gain is not an observer observer-audit
- A sensor has no lens observer-audit
- An observer is a contract observer-audit
- The appearance model takes XYZ observer-audit
- The booth and the eye disagree observer-audit
- The chart was measured by an observer too observer-audit
- The identity is in the eye's own coordinates observer-audit
- The third factor is a construction observer-audit
the observer, varied · vermilion under incandescent
- A tolerance with an observer in it observer-audit
- The booth and the eye disagree observer-audit
- The census under another observer observer-audit
- The lens is worst under tungsten observer-audit
- The observer has no age observer-audit
the observer, varied · vermilion under laser
- The grid hid the observer observer-audit
the observer, varied · vermilion under narrowband
- A brand colour for a population observer-audit
- The peaks move the flanks observer-audit
the observer, varied · vermilion under phosphor
- The booth and the eye disagree observer-audit
- The lens is worst under tungsten observer-audit
- The macular is a band, not a filter observer-audit
the observer, varied: a banded lens at sixty · 42 settings a pair
- A band in the lens reads as age or as macula observer-audit × 7 · hero
the observer, varied: a banded lens at sixty, the band's centre fitted · 42 settings a pair
- A second lamp pair finds a lens band's centre observer-audit × 6 · hero
the observer, varied: a banded lens at sixty, the rods' share raised · 42 settings a pair
- A dimmer session hides a lens band in the rods observer-audit × 6 · hero
How rough the surface is
Added with the round that gave the scene solver a lobe. Radiosity does not approximate a glossy wall; it has no slot for one, because its unknown is a single number per patch and a surface that returns light differently in different directions does not have one. The figures in this band vary the roughness of the walls and hold the observer at 1931 throughout, so the strip names the roughness. 67 figures.
the roughness, varied · 0.2 against matt
- A gloss finish takes colour out of the whole room lobe
- A gloss room looks less colourful than it measures lobe × 2
the roughness, varied · adapted to the lamp
the roughness, varied · adapted to the room
the roughness, varied · body reflectance 0.5
- A gloss finish takes colour out of the whole room lobe
- A lobe takes colour out of a bounce lobe
- A tenth of the return arriving white lobe × 2 · hero
- Every scene in this collection was matt lobe
- The floor is a different colour from the door lobe
- The solver had no slot for gloss lobe
- Two ways to put a lobe on a wall lobe
- Where a patch stops being a point lobe
the roughness, varied · eight directions against sixteen
- Thirty unknowns instead of six lobe
- Where a patch stops being a point lobe × 2 · hero
the roughness, varied · fixed at 0.2
- A gloss finish takes colour out of the whole room lobe × 2
- A gloss room looks less colourful than it measures lobe
- Every scene in this collection was matt lobe
- The floor is a different colour from the door lobe × 2 · hero
- The solver had no slot for gloss lobe
- Two ways to put a lobe on a wall lobe
- Where a patch stops being a point lobe
the roughness, varied · fixed at 0.3
the roughness, varied · matt against 0.15
the roughness, varied · matt against 0.2
- A gloss finish takes colour out of the whole room lobe
- A lobe takes colour out of a bounce lobe × 2 · hero
- A tenth of the return arriving white lobe
- Every scene in this collection was matt lobe
- The solver had no slot for gloss lobe
the roughness, varied · matt against 0.3
the roughness, varied · the Lambertian limit
- The solver had no slot for gloss lobe
- Thirty unknowns instead of six lobe × 2 · hero
- Where a patch stops being a point lobe
the roughness, varied · the finish, varied
- A gloss room looks less colourful than it measures lobe × 2 · hero
the roughness, varied · the lobe added beside it
the roughness, varied · the lobe taken out of the body
- A gloss finish takes colour out of the whole room lobe
- A lobe takes colour out of a bounce lobe × 3
- A tenth of the return arriving white lobe × 2
- Every scene in this collection was matt lobe × 2 · hero
- The floor is a different colour from the door lobe × 2
- The solver had no slot for gloss lobe × 2 · hero
- Thirty unknowns instead of six lobe
- Two ways to put a lobe on a wall lobe
- Where a patch stops being a point lobe
the roughness, varied · the room as a whole
- A gloss finish takes colour out of the whole room lobe × 2 · hero
- A gloss room looks less colourful than it measures lobe
the roughness, varied · two constructions
- A lobe takes colour out of a bounce lobe
- A tenth of the return arriving white lobe
- Every scene in this collection was matt lobe
- Thirty unknowns instead of six lobe
- Two ways to put a lobe on a wall lobe × 2 · hero
Which index the model is allowed to keep
The band for the round that audited the model equation itself. A surface's response is a function of six arguments — the wavelength, direction and place light arrives with, and the three it leaves with — and a colour computed as an integral keeps one of them. Each figure in this band restores one index and reports what the restoration is worth, so what varies across the band is not a sample or a light but how much of the object the model is allowed to see. 69 figures.
CIE 1931 2° observer · the index, varied
- A departure is not a unit marginal × 8 · hero
- Either factor being zero marginal × 6 · hero
- The audit that changed the object marginal × 8 · hero
- The chart was measured, not photographed marginal × 7 · hero
- The departures are larger than the tolerance marginal × 7 · hero
- The model has six arguments marginal × 7 · hero
- Three audits and one shape marginal × 6 · hero
- Two departures that partly cancel marginal × 7 · hero
- What this round could not reach marginal × 6 · hero
- Which index to buy an instrument for marginal × 7 · hero
The CIE 1931 2° observer
The 1931 colour-matching functions, from seventeen observers matching a two-degree field. The default of the whole discipline, and the default here — which is the point this index was built to make visible. 1673 figures.
36 rooms, CIECAM16 · CIE 1931 2°
- What an adapted viewer loses is set by the wall lobe × 8 · hero
72 paints, five rooms · CIE 1931 2°
- An open room hands over sooner lobe × 6 · hero
72 paints, one lamp · CIE 1931 2°
- A dark wall pays for a finish lobe × 8 · hero
- The finish adds the room's own colour lobe × 6 · hero
72 paints, satin at roughness 0.2 · CIE 1931 2°
- A finish adds colour only where it covers grey lobe × 7 · hero
CAM16-UCS as the price · CIE 1931 2° observer held fixed
- A chain measured in a unit that cannot add curve
- A distance raised to a power has no length curve × 6 · hero
- A tolerance has no light level curve × 7 · hero
- The appearance model has no straight piece curve × 6 · hero
- Which mixture bows most depends on the ruler curve × 6 · hero
CAM16-UCS · one adopted white, chosen · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A room with two lights has no white viewing-condition × 6 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer
- A bounce is a multiplication bounce × 9 · hero · marks 18 unreachable
- A catalogue is not a vocabulary lightness-scales
- A colour that moves with the viewer film-angle × 8 · hero · marks 27 unreachable
- A cone absorbs its own light cone-optics × 7 · hero
- A cone absorbs its own light observer-mismatch
- A constraint is a direction and a distance constraint × 5 · hero
- A constraint is a direction and a distance curvature
- A corner moves both terms metamer-corner × 5
- A corner moves both terms cavity-gain
- A difference has no place field-patches × 3 · hero
- A difference has no place field-profile × 7 · marks 3 unreachable
- A difference has no size seen-pattern × 7 · hero
- A difference is not a distance metric-axioms × 10 · hero · marks 8 unreachable
- A fourth dimension has a shape lamp-pair
- A gradient is a path blend-paths × 8 · hero
- A grey edge arrives coloured mosaic-ratio
- A halftone is a luminance object screen-sweep
- A lamp has a direction lamp · marks 1 unreachable
- A lamp has a waveform wave-time · marks 2 unreachable
- A lamp is not a blackbody lamp × 6 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- A lamp is not a blackbody lamp-set · marks 3 unreachable
- A lamp switched on is not the lamp measured cct-locus
- A matrix is fitted under one light illuminant-set · marks 4 unreachable
- A mean has a set under it reflectance · marks 1 unreachable
- A name is not a threshold threshold-vs-suprathreshold
- A name is not a threshold macadam · marks 1 unreachable
- A name moves with the room viewing-condition
- A name moves with the room unique-hues
- A notch a pigment cannot cut worstscene × 2 · marks 4 unreachable
- A patch is not a scene viewing-condition × 2
- A pattern has a direction plane-power × 6 · hero
- A pattern has a direction screen-sweep × 2
- A room bounds its own bounces cavity-gain
- A scene has no white point mixed-light × 6 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- A scene has no white point sun-sky · marks 1 unreachable
- A screen is a poor lamp lamp-set × 5 · hero · marks 14 unreachable
- A shadow has its own illuminant sun-sky × 10 · hero · marks 10 unreachable
- A spectrum is not a colour illuminant-set × 8 · hero · marks 22 unreachable
- A surface that is not a multiplication fluorescence × 7 · hero
- A third of the appearance box is no surface optimal-solid · marks 1 unreachable
- A threshold is not a unit threshold-vs-suprathreshold × 4 · hero
- A threshold is not a unit macadam · marks 1 unreachable
- A tint at the edge of a page screen-sweep
- A tolerance is a probability tolerance-shape
- A tolerance is a probability metamer-pair
- A tolerance is a region deviceaxes × 6 · hero
- A tolerance is a region constraint
- A tolerance is a shape tolerance-shape × 10 · hero
- A trade between matrices, not people cone-optics
- A unit rests on a space that was ranked macadam · marks 1 unreachable
- A viewing condition is an argument viewing-condition × 8 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- An afterimage is an adaptation afterimage-pair × 9 · hero · marks 21 unreachable
- An appearance is not always a stimulus viewing-condition
- An ellipse is not a ring of points sampling × 5 · hero
- An extremum is not a sample sampling × 5 · hero
- An instrument has a geometry dichromatic-split × 2 · marks 5 unreachable
- Banding is not a bit depth seen-pattern × 7 · hero
- Best on the average, undefined at the edge worstscene × 5 · hero · marks 12 unreachable
- Blackbody and the colour of temperature blackbody × 7 · hero · marks 32 unreachable
- Blackbody and the colour of temperature cct-locus
- Brighter looks more colourful luminance-effects × 6 · hero
- Brightness is not luminance cam-sweep × 9 · hero · marks 3 unreachable
- Brightness is not luminance luminance-effects
- Colour by catalogue lightness-scales × 10 · hero
- Colour goes first in the dark cone-optics × 9 · hero
- Colour goes first in the dark purkinje · marks 1 unreachable
- Colour stops at the edge of sight field-profile × 7 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- Colour stops at the edge of sight field-patches × 2
- Constancy is the default reflectance × 10 · hero · marks 7 unreachable
- Downhill from a published matrix curvature
- Every threshold was measured with a grating screen-sweep × 5 · hero
- Every threshold was measured with a grating plane-power
- Five nanometres is a choice grid-error × 8 · hero
- Five nanometres is a choice bandpass
- Four ways to move a white point cat-comparison × 3 · hero
- Gloss changes the measurement dichromatic-split × 8 · hero · marks 19 unreachable
- Gloss changes the measurement film-angle · marks 1 unreachable
- How bright is white transfer-curves × 10 · hero
- How far a quadratic can be believed curvature
- How long is the bowl curvature × 8 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- How long is the bowl constraint × 2
- How wrong would the data have to be sampling × 4
- MacAdam measured it macadam × 6 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- Most of this diagram cannot be shown horseshoe × 7 · hero · marks 7 unreachable
- Most of this diagram cannot be shown ucs-diagram · marks 1 unreachable
- Neither gamut contains the other horseshoe · marks 1 unreachable
- No diagram makes them circles macadam · marks 1 unreachable
- No surface can be that colourful optimal-solid × 8 · hero · marks 10 unreachable
- No surface can be that colourful gamut-compare · marks 1 unreachable
- Nobody here has two eyes field-patches × 8 · hero
- Nobody here has two eyes cone-optics
- Not every colour has a wavelength dominant-construction × 5 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- Only the flat directions keep their names curvature
- Paint is not a filter paint-mix × 6 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- Rendering in three numbers bounce-drift × 9 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- Rendering in three numbers bounce · marks 3 unreachable
- Seventeen observers in 1931 matching-functions × 2 · hero
- Seventeen observers in 1931 horseshoe × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- Six numbers make a space gamut-compare × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- Some paper is brighter than white fluorescence × 7 · hero
- The algorithms that guess the light constancy-scene × 8 · hero · marks 23 unreachable
- The camera has its own metamers cross-metamer × 2
- The colour is in the thickness depth-series × 8 · hero · marks 12 unreachable
- The colour is in the thickness reflectance · marks 1 unreachable
- The cones an appearance model uses cat-comparison
- The diagram was replaced in 1976 ucs-diagram × 5 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- The eye stops at the lens matching-functions
- The eye that has no colour purkinje × 6 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- The eye weights where the light is not collapse
- The gamut shrinks in the dark cam-sweep × 7 · hero · marks 2 unreachable
- The gamut shrinks in the dark gamut-compare · marks 1 unreachable
- The highlight is the lamp dichromatic-split × 10 · hero · marks 23 unreachable
- The highlight is the lamp mixed-light · marks 1 unreachable
- The hue scale has four corners unique-hues · marks 6 unreachable
- The illuminant is half the answer reflectance × 9 · hero · marks 8 unreachable
- The laws that make colour add up metamer-pair
- The metamerism index has two corrections metamer-pair
- The mixture line bows blend-paths
- The model has a hue shift it was never given cam-sweep
- The model has no clock cam-sweep × 8 · hero · marks 3 unreachable
- The model has no clock viewing-condition
- The mosaic is not the observer mosaic-ratio × 7 · hero
- The observers differ by a unit's worth observer-mismatch
- The rank is the invariance curvature × 7 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- The rank is the invariance constraint
- The room is the illuminant solved-room × 8 · hero · marks 16 unreachable
- The row a fourth dimension improves lamp · marks 1 unreachable
- The row a fourth dimension improves lamp-pair
- The same wall applied twice bounce × 5 · marks 9 unreachable
- The same wall applied twice solved-room · marks 2 unreachable
- The slope arrives before the bowl curvature · marks 1 unreachable
- The sun is not one illuminant illuminant × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- The trade only runs one way constraint × 7 · hero
- The trade only runs one way curvature
- The worst case is where the box stops worstscene × 5 · hero · marks 16 unreachable
- There is no brown light cam-sweep × 9 · hero · marks 9 unreachable
- There is no D65 lamp lamp-pair × 7 · hero
- There is no D65 lamp metamer-pair
- There is no word for that colour unique-hues
- Three numbers collapse × 5 · hero
- Three numbers metamer-pair
- Three numbers for one ellipse sampling × 5 · hero
- Three ways to dim a lamp blackbody · marks 5 unreachable
- Twenty-five is a sample of the diagram sampling × 3
- Two degrees or ten observer-mismatch × 5 · hero
- Two lamps do not average lamp-pair × 7 · hero
- Two lamps do not average mixed-light · marks 1 unreachable
- Two paints that stop matching metamer-corner × 5 · hero
- Two spectra, one colour metamer-pair × 10 · hero
- What a gamut costs gamut-compare × 4 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- What a lamp cannot give back efficacy-ceiling × 6 · hero
- What a white wall costs cavity-gain × 7 · hero
- What a white wall costs solved-room · marks 2 unreachable
- What no adaptation can remove cat-comparison
- What the instrument reports bandpass × 10 · hero
- Where a camera is blind to itself deviceaxes × 8 · hero
- Which changes of light pay for it lamp-pair
- Which lamp changes are free lamp · marks 1 unreachable
- Which lamp changes are free blackbody · marks 5 unreachable
- Which of two is worse rank-swap × 8 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- White is a region cct-locus × 5 · hero
- Whose eyes observer-mismatch × 6 · hero
- Why blue and yellow make green paint-mix × 7 · hero · marks 8 unreachable
- Why blue and yellow make green depth-series · marks 2 unreachable
- Why colour is exactly three-dimensional matching-functions × 2 · hero
- Why colour is exactly three-dimensional gamut-compare × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- Why there are four unique hues unique-hues × 6 · hero · marks 54 unreachable
CIE 1931 2° observer · D50
- A black that is not black tone-ramp × 6 · hero
- A brand colour is an ink ink-spectra × 9 · hero · marks 16 unreachable
- A brand colour is an ink print-gamut · marks 5 unreachable
- A budget drawn through one hue intent-map × 9 · hero
- A delivery tolerance is three tolerances profile-table × 4
- A dot is larger than it was asked to be tone-ramp × 8 · hero · marks 8 unreachable
- A halftone is not a mixture halftone-mosaic × 7 · hero · marks 192 unreachable
- A halftone is not a mixture ink-spectra · marks 2 unreachable
- A profile is a fit between its nodes profile-table × 4
- A profile is a table profile-table × 6 · hero
- A tolerance cannot cross a condition ink-spectra · marks 2 unreachable
- Dividing by the paper ink-spectra × 6 · marks 12 unreachable
- Measured with an aperture, seen with an eye halftone-mosaic
- Neither gamut contains the other print-gamut × 8 · hero · marks 21 unreachable
- No mapping preserves everything intent-map × 6 · hero · marks 2 unreachable
- No mapping preserves everything print-gamut · marks 5 unreachable
- Only one of these devices adapts ink-spectra · marks 2 unreachable
- The budget adds two units profile-table
- The fifth ink buys a corner print-gamut × 7 · hero · marks 35 unreachable
- The fourth ink is not for colour print-gamut × 7 · hero · marks 22 unreachable
- The lamp in the shop decides separation-family × 10 · hero
- The paper is the white point ink-spectra × 7 · hero · marks 10 unreachable
- The paper is the white point halftone-mosaic · marks 18 unreachable
- The separation is not unique separation-family × 7 · hero
- The straight piece under the cube root tone-ramp
CIE 1931 2° observer · a delivery chain
- A delivery tolerance is three tolerances profile-table × 3 · hero
- A profile is a fit between its nodes profile-table × 2
- A profile is a table profile-table × 2
- The budget adds two units profile-table
CIE 1931 2° observer · a width, varied
- A discount nobody measured worth × 2
- A width nobody varied worth × 5 · hero
- Saturation is nearly everything worth
- The input nobody declared worth × 2
- The surround is three rows of a table worth
- What would have to be wrong worth × 5 · hero
- Which measurement is worth making worth × 5 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer · away from the optimum
- Downhill from a published matrix elsewhere × 7 · hero
- How far a quadratic can be believed elsewhere × 7 · hero
- Only the flat directions keep their names elsewhere × 9 · hero
- The slope arrives before the bowl elsewhere × 7 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer · implied confusion points
- A confusion point is a missing pigment copunctal
- A template cannot place a point copunctal
- The best axes are not receptors copunctal
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal × 2 · hero
- Two points out of three copunctal
- Which of these is a convention copunctal
CIE 1931 2° observer · measured confusion lines
- A confusion point is a missing pigment copunctal × 4 · hero
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal
- The price is also the person copunctal
- The three numbers a gain cannot see copunctal
CIE 1931 2° observer · sRGB primaries
- The diagram has no area plane-census × 2
- Two thirds is not a property of the eye plane-census × 3 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer · several objectives
- A primary is chosen for four things region × 7 · hero
- A tolerance in the wrong coordinates region × 8 · hero
- The widths were free because nothing else was asked region × 8 · hero
- Two tolerances do not meet in a tolerance region × 7 · hero
- What one number accepts region
CIE 1931 2° observer · the bound, stated
- A notch a pigment cannot cut bound × 7 · hero
- A room bounds its own bounces bound × 6 · hero
- Every worst surface sits on a declaration bound × 4
- The darkest wall anybody sells bound × 7 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer · the census, in its own units
- A discount nobody measured worth
- A width nobody varied worth
- The audit, read as appearances worth
- The census is a construction too worth × 2 · hero
- The surround is three rows of a table worth
- What would have to be wrong worth
- Where the model's curve does not matter worth
- Which measurement is worth making worth
CIE 1931 2° observer · the device chooses the basis
- A constraint costs what it points at primaries × 2
- A sensor designed for its inverse dyes × 5 · hero
- Primaries chosen for their inverse primaries × 7 · hero
- The condition chooses no axes dyes × 5 · hero
- The gamut race chose the basis primaries × 8 · hero
- Where a camera is blind to itself dyes
CIE 1931 2° observer · the ruler, in doubt
- An ellipse is not a ring of points sampling × 3
- An extremum is not a sample sampling × 3
- How wrong would the data have to be sampling × 4 · hero
- The error on a gap is not the errors at its ends sampling
- Three numbers for one ellipse sampling × 3
- Twenty-five is a sample of the diagram sampling × 4 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer · two objectives, one basis
- A compression goes below the floor floors × 8 · hero
- A constraint costs what it points at objectives × 6 · hero
- A trade between matrices, not people objectives
- Everyone is beaten by the same wall objectives × 2 · hero
- No basis is good at both objectives × 7 · hero
- One matrix doing two jobs objectives × 6 · hero
- The best axes are not receptors objectives × 7 · hero
- The exponent was never the argument floors × 8 · hero
- The three numbers a gain cannot see objectives × 7 · hero
- Which changes of light pay for it objectives × 2 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer · what the data fix
- A fit can be exact and empty identifiability × 7 · hero
- A matrix is fitted under one light identifiability × 6 · hero
- A profile is a fit between its nodes identifiability × 2 · hero
- An image does not determine the light identifiability × 7 · hero
- The chart decides the profile identifiability × 7 · hero
- The colour is right first probe-bank × 9 · hero
- Three numbers cannot see a line probe-bank × 9 · hero
- Two matrices do not reach a white LED identifiability
- Which of these is a convention identifiability × 7 · hero
CIE 1931 2° observer, M₁
- A proof cannot glow oba-clock × 2 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- The brightener is being used up oba-clock × 2 · marks 4 unreachable
CIECAM16 hue angle · CIE 1931 2° observer held fixed
- The model has a hue shift it was never given cam-sweep × 4 · hero
CIECAM16 with parts removed · white added at equal luminance · CIE 1931 2°
- The blue resists through the model's denominator cam-sweep × 6 · hero
CIECAM16's hue with one part changed · additive white · CIE 1931 2°
- The blue's hue turn was lost with a matrix cam-sweep × 7 · hero
Kubelka–Munk against additive · CIE 1931 2°
- A tint in paint turns the other way cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- Printing does not change the sign cam-sweep × 6 · hero
MacAdam 1942 · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A difference needs a basis too ellipse-plane
- No diagram makes them circles ellipse-plane
- The exponent was never the argument ellipse-plane
a delivery chain, end to end · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A chain measured in a unit that cannot add profile-table × 6 · hero
- A distance raised to a power has no length profile-table
- A resize with a negative weight in it profile-table × 7 · hero
- A second conversion is not a repeat profile-table × 8 · hero
- A soft proof is exact for one reader profile-table × 2
- An average on the stored values profile-table × 8 · hero
- An intent is not a function of the colour profile-table × 7 · hero
- The budget adds two units profile-table × 6 · hero
- The corner of a resized patch is lighter than its edges profile-table × 7 · hero
a fourth emitter, symmetric and skewed · 40 nm slope limit · CIE 1931 2°
- A lopsided band does not break the trade whiteness × 7 · hero
a modelled sensor's noise · CIE 1931 2° observer
- Clipped noise does not average away ordering × 7 · hero
absorption bands with widths fixed in energy · CIE 1931 2°
- Written in energy, the bands spare the green whiteness × 7 · hero
adapted in CAT16, compressed in Hunt–Pointer–Estévez · CIE 1931 2°
- Two matrices fail under a warm white cam-sweep × 6 · hero
adapted in CAT16, compressed in Hunt–Pointer–Estévez · radiators and daylights · CIE 1931 2°
- Two matrices hold to almost tungsten, and the blue turns long before cam-sweep × 7 · hero
additive white, three models · CIE 1931 2°
- White turns a hue, and the models part at blue cam-sweep × 7 · hero
band models searched from 594 starts · CIE 1931 2°
- A harder search pulls the band pigments away from the slope limit whiteness × 8 · hero
band pigments under the clear mercury lamp · CIE 1931
- A pair of lines asks for a cliff, not a gap whiteness × 6 · hero
clear mercury lamp · slope limit solved exactly · CIE 1931 2° at 1 nm (Sprague)
- A slow pigment splits mercury's lines only if its swing fits between them whiteness × 6 · hero
clear mercury lamp, lines 1.5 nm · band pigment searched at 1 nm · CIE 1931 2°
- A band pigment must be narrower than the gap it splits whiteness × 6 · hero
clear mercury lamp, lines 1.5 nm · band pigment searched at 1 nm · skewed bands · CIE 1931 2°
- A steep side splits mercury's lines at forty nanometres whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp, lines 1.5 nm · bands 30–40 nm, sides skewed · searched at 1 nm · CIE 1931 2°
- A band is only as wide as its steep side whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp, lines 1.5 nm · bands 40 nm, sides skewed · searched at 1 nm · CIE 1931 2°
- A band must be nearly two to one before its steep side pays whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp, lines 1.5 nm · bands 40 nm, steep side 14 nm pseudo-Voigt · CIE 1931 2°
- A hundredth of Lorentzian undoes a Gaussian flank whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp, lines 1.5 nm · bands 40 nm, wide side 26 nm Gaussian, steep varied · CIE 1931 2°
- At one half-width a flank can lose nothing or nearly everything whiteness × 7 · hero
filtered over the plane · CIE 1931 2°
- The eye counts a corner's error, not its peak profile-table × 6 · hero
one room, six lamps · CIE 1931 2°
- A finish adds colour only to a daylight meter lobe × 7 · hero
relative power · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A room with two lights has no white viewing-condition
sharpened on stored values against light · CIE 1931 2°
- Sharpened type errs on its dark side profile-table × 8 · hero
slope limit, 40 nm transition · 161, 321 and 641 reflectance levels · nine lamps · CIE 1931 2°
- The slope limit was exact all along whiteness × 6 · hero
the eye's own bandwidth · CIE 1931 2°
- The eye keeps the lightness errors profile-table × 8 · hero
the object-colour solid, with a slope limit · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A fourth emitter spends the gap it fills whiteness × 7 · hero
- A limit written in energy charges the reds whiteness × 8 · hero
- The gap has to be dark, not the line narrow whiteness × 6 · hero
- The limits assume a pigment that switches instantly whiteness × 7 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- Three lines spare a slow pigment whiteness × 7 · hero
the object-colour solid, with an absorption-band limit · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A sharp edge is bought with depth whiteness × 7 · hero
the raw pipeline, a clipped highlight · CIE 1931 2° observer
- Filling in a highlight is a claim about the surface ordering × 8 · hero
the raw pipeline, reordered · CIE 1931 2° observer
- A black level is multiplied by the balance ordering × 8 · hero
- A contrast control is three controls ordering × 9 · hero
- A stop is not a stop afterwards ordering × 8 · hero
- Clipped noise does not average away ordering
- Filling in a highlight is a claim about the surface ordering
- One step has no choice ordering × 8 · hero
- The order is not in the documentation ordering × 8 · hero
- Two converters and one highlight ordering × 8 · hero
the special metamerism index · CIE 1931 2° observer held fixed
- The metamerism index has two corrections metamer-pair × 6 · hero
three pigment models under broadband and line lamps · CIE 1931 2°
- The lamp outweighs the pigment model whiteness × 7 · hero
three pigment models under nine lamps · shortfall = 1 − reach / ideal · CIE 1931 2°
- A mercury lamp's few losses are deep whiteness × 6 · hero
three pigment models under tubes and their parts · CIE 1931 2°
- A tube spares a pigment through its phosphors whiteness × 6 · hero
three uniform spaces · CIE 1931 2°
- A third space breaks the tie only once curve × 8 · hero
two corrections · CIE 1931 2°
- The ambiguity is largest where the index is used metamer-pair × 8 · hero
two matrices and a colour temperature · CIE 1931 2° observer
- Two matrices do not reach a white LED identifiability × 6 · hero
two pigment models under four-emitter lamps · CIE 1931 2°
- The pigment decides the trade, not the band whiteness × 6 · hero
two uniform spaces · CIE 1931 2°
- A gamut charges a gradient nothing curve × 7 · hero
- Two uniform spaces disagree about between curve × 7 · hero
white added at equal luminance · CIE 1931 2°
- White drains the blue last in every model cam-sweep × 7 · hero
ΔEITP against CAM16-UCS in a lit room · CIE 1931 2°
- A lit room brings the units' medians together delta-e × 6 · hero
ΔEITP against CAM16-UCS · CIE 1931 2°
- The shadows a unit counts are the ones a room removes delta-e × 6 · hero
- The units part by hue, not by light level delta-e × 7 · hero
- Two units with a light level disagree about lightness delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP and CAM16-UCS at BT.2020's edge, dim display to bright · CIE 1931 2°
- At the gamut's edge the reds move as far as the violets delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP and CAM16-UCS at each display's edge · D65 white · CIE 1931 2°
- A display's red takes the reds' move and leaves the pair delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP of 5% grey steps over a floor · CIE 1931 2°
- A dimming panel has no single black delta-e × 6 · hero
ΔEITP through a veil, declared and true · CIE 1931 2°
- A guessed veil halves the error delta-e × 6 · hero
ΔEITP, dimmest display to brightest · CIE 1931 2°
- The hue disagreement is the quantiser's delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔE₀₀ as the price · CIE 1931 2° observer held fixed
- A deviation is not a difference curve × 7 · hero
- A lattice has no derivative curve × 8 · hero
- A size is not a direction curve × 8 · hero
- A tolerance has a grain curve × 7 · hero
- The appearance model has no straight piece curve × 2
- The mixture line bows curve × 9 · hero
- The straight line is not the shortest gradient curve
- The straight piece under the cube root curve × 8 · hero
- Two yellow filters cancel on a slope curve
- What one number accepts curve × 7 · hero
- Which mixture bows most depends on the ruler curve × 2
ΔE₀₀'s own local metric · CIE 1931 2° observer held fixed
- The straight line is not the shortest gradient curve × 6 · hero · marks 26 unreachable
The CIE 1964 10° observer
The ten-degree functions, measured on a larger field and a larger sample, and the ones a surface-colour laboratory is actually required to use. Every figure here is one the 2° functions would have drawn differently. 72 figures.
CIE 1964 10° observer
- A cone absorbs its own light cone-optics
- A lamp is not a blackbody lamp × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- A patch is not a scene viewing-condition × 6 · hero · marks 3 unreachable
- A screen is a poor lamp lamp-set × 3 · marks 6 unreachable
- A surface that is not a multiplication fluorescence
- A threshold is not a unit threshold-vs-suprathreshold
- A tolerance is a shape tolerance-shape
- Blackbody and the colour of temperature blackbody · marks 3 unreachable
- Brighter looks more colourful luminance-effects
- Four ways to move a white point cat-comparison × 3
- Gloss changes the measurement dichromatic-split · marks 2 unreachable
- How bright is white transfer-curves
- MacAdam measured it macadam × 2 · marks 2 unreachable
- Most of this diagram cannot be shown horseshoe · marks 1 unreachable
- Not every colour has a wavelength dominant-construction × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- Seventeen observers in 1931 horseshoe × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- Six numbers make a space gamut-compare × 4 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- The algorithms that guess the light constancy-scene × 2 · marks 5 unreachable
- The camera has its own metamers cross-metamer
- The diagram was replaced in 1976 ucs-diagram × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
- The eye that has no colour purkinje × 2 · marks 3 unreachable
- The mosaic is not the observer mosaic-ratio × 2
- The observers differ by a unit's worth matching-functions
- The sun is not one illuminant cct-locus × 2 · hero
- The sun is not one illuminant illuminant × 4 · marks 4 unreachable
- Three numbers collapse × 3
- Two degrees or ten observer-mismatch
- Two degrees or ten matching-functions
- Two lamps do not average lamp-pair
- Two paints that stop matching metamer-corner × 2
- What a gamut costs gamut-compare × 2 · marks 2 unreachable
- What a lamp cannot give back efficacy-ceiling × 3
- Where the formula is not smooth tolerance-shape
- White is a region cct-locus × 2
- Whose eyes observer-mismatch
- Why colour is exactly three-dimensional gamut-compare × 2 · marks 2 unreachable
The coordinates it is drawn on
Added with the `depth-04` phase, and the band whose existence is that phase's finding. A chromaticity diagram is a projective picture of tristimulus values, and the projection is a choice: the same observer and the same gamut make twelve different pictures on the twelve coordinate systems the discipline has published, and areas measured on them differ by a factor of four and a half. A figure drawn on one of those planes is not about an observer — the observer is the same in all of them — so naming one would name the thing that is held fixed rather than the thing that was chosen. It sits third, ahead of the space and model bands, and the position is load-bearing: *drawn on CIE xy (1931)* carries a year that the model band would capture and *drawn on sRGB rgb* names a space the space band would. Both would be classified into a band about something the figure is holding constant. 19 figures.
drawn on CIE rgb (1931)
- The diagram has no area plane-census
drawn on CIE u′v′ (1976)
- A difference needs a basis too ellipse-plane
- No diagram makes them circles ellipse-plane
- The diagram has no area plane-census
- Two thirds is not a property of the eye plane-census
drawn on CIE xy (1931)
- A difference needs a basis too ellipse-plane × 2
- No diagram makes them circles ellipse-plane × 2 · hero
- The diagram has no area plane-census × 2 · hero
- Two thirds is not a property of the eye plane-census
drawn on Display P3 rgb
- Two thirds is not a property of the eye plane-census
drawn on LMS (CAT16)
- The diagram has no area plane-census
- Two thirds is not a property of the eye plane-census
drawn on sRGB rgb
- The diagram has no area plane-census
drawn on the best plane there is
- A difference needs a basis too ellipse-plane × 2
- No diagram makes them circles ellipse-plane
Which light the sample was excited with
For the figures whose subject is the band below 380 nanometres. A fluorescent sample returns light at wavelengths it did not receive, so how much it returns is decided by how much ultraviolet the source had — and that quantity is a property of the *lamp*, not of the sample and not of the eye reading it. ISO 13655's four measurement conditions are four different answers to it, and a figure in this band names which one it was drawn under. Naming an observer on one of them would name a thing that is identical in every panel: the colour-matching functions do not move when the ultraviolet does, which is the whole reason the effect was invisible in this collection until the range was widened. The band sits ahead of the instrument-geometry one because a measurement condition is a spectrum *and* a geometry, and it is the spectrum half that decides the answer here — M₃ differs from M₂ by a polariser and by four points of luminance, while M₁ differs from M₂ by the ultraviolet and by seven units of colour. 136 figures.
300–780 nm, CIE daylight basis from 300
- A camera cannot record the excitation bispectral × 2 · marks 6 unreachable
- A camera cannot record the excitation uv-band
- A proof cannot glow bispectral · marks 6 unreachable
- A reflectance is a diagonal bispectral × 3 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
- The eye stops at the lens uv-band × 3
- The eye weights where the light is not bispectral × 2 · marks 6 unreachable
- The grid is a range, not an index uv-band × 4 · hero
- The lamp that stopped emitting ultraviolet uv-band × 3
- The tables do not stop together uv-band × 4 · hero
- The ultraviolet is half the product uv-band × 3
- The window is part of the light uv-band × 4 · hero
- Two sheets that match until the window bispectral × 3 · hero · marks 12 unreachable
- Two sheets that match until the window uv-band
CAM16, adapted to the room's own white, M₁
- A brighter white still looks white whiteness × 3 · hero
- A white that is not a reflectance whiteness
- Whiteness is mostly the lamp whiteness
CIE whiteness and tint, M₁
- A brighter white still looks white whiteness × 2
- A white that is not a reflectance whiteness
- Whiteness is mostly the lamp whiteness
CIE whiteness, M₁ against M₂
- A brighter white still looks white whiteness
- A white that is not a reflectance whiteness × 2
- The brightener is being used up whiteness
- Whiteness is mostly the lamp whiteness × 2 · hero
CIE whiteness, the ultraviolet of the place
- A brighter white still looks white whiteness
- A white that is not a reflectance whiteness
- The window is part of the light whiteness
- Whiteness is mostly the lamp whiteness × 2
D65 including its ultraviolet
- A reflectance is a diagonal bispectral
- The eye weights where the light is not bispectral
- The tables do not stop together bispectral
ISO 13655 M₀–M₃
- A tolerance cannot cross a condition measure-condition × 4
- An instrument brings its own light measure-condition × 6 · hero
- The grid is a range, not an index measure-condition
- The lamp that stopped emitting ultraviolet measure-condition × 2 · hero
M₀ — incandescent, unspecified ultraviolet
- A proof cannot glow bispectral × 2
- A reflectance is a diagonal bispectral
M₁ — D50 including its ultraviolet
- A camera cannot record the excitation bispectral × 2
- A proof cannot glow bispectral × 3
- A reflectance is a diagonal bispectral × 2
- An instrument brings its own light bispectral
- The eye weights where the light is not bispectral × 3 · hero
- The ultraviolet is half the product bispectral × 2 · hero
- Two sheets that match until the window bispectral × 2
M₂ — ultraviolet excluded
- A camera cannot record the excitation bispectral
- A proof cannot glow bispectral
- A reflectance is a diagonal bispectral × 2
- The eye weights where the light is not bispectral
- Two sheets that match until the window bispectral
premium stock · brightener emitting at 420, 435 or 450 nm · uniform film · Oklab
- The glow's colour sets the blue ink and spares the orange cam-sweep × 7 · hero
reconstructed from the CIE daylight basis at 300 nm
- The eye stops at the lens uv-band
- The grid is a range, not an index uv-band
- The lamp that stopped emitting ultraviolet uv-band
- The tables do not stop together uv-band
- The ultraviolet is half the product uv-band
- The window is part of the light uv-band
the MacAdam limits, M₁ against M₂
- A brighter white still looks white whiteness
- A proof cannot glow whiteness
- A white that is not a reflectance whiteness × 2 · hero
- The limits assume a pigment that switches instantly whiteness
- Two sheets that match until the window whiteness
- Whiteness is mostly the lamp whiteness × 2
the best least-squares 3×3, M₂ onto M₁
- A tolerance cannot cross a condition measure-condition × 3 · hero
- An instrument brings its own light measure-condition
the brightener's own clock, M₁
- The brightener is being used up oba-clock × 3 · hero
the eye's own optics, ultraviolet transmittance
- The eye stops at the lens uv-band × 2 · hero
- The grid is a range, not an index uv-band
- The lamp that stopped emitting ultraviolet uv-band
- The tables do not stop together uv-band
- The ultraviolet is half the product uv-band
- The window is part of the light uv-band
thirty sheets · brightener emitting at 420–455 nm · reader adapted to each · Oklab
- The glow's pull on the white sets every ink cam-sweep × 7 · hero
A space, a white point or an encoding
Figures whose governing choice is not which eye but which set of primaries, which white, or which transfer function. An observer is upstream of all of these and naming it here would name the wrong thing. 454 figures.
BT.709 luma · sRGB primaries
- Colour thrown away on purpose chroma-loss × 7 · hero · marks 14 unreachable
CIECAM16 · D65 · the room, varied
- The reversals have a straight edge viewing-condition × 8 · hero
- Two rooms with one lightness scale viewing-condition × 9 · hero
CIECAM16 · La 100 cd/m² · average surround · D65
- A dark background moves every difference and no match viewing-condition × 7 · hero
CIELAB hue angle, D65
- A blown highlight turns clip-hue × 8 · hero
- A budget drawn through one hue clip-hue
- A contrast control is three controls clip-hue
- Two converters and one highlight clip-hue
CIELAB, D65
- How far apart are two colours delta-e × 7 · hero
- How many colours are there count-by-metric × 10 · hero
- The triangle is a shadow shadow-and-solid × 7 · hero
- What the audit still cannot reach delta-e
- Where the formula is not smooth metric-anisotropy × 7 · hero
IEC 61966-2-1
- A hex code is not a colour transfer-function × 2 · hero
- A lattice has no derivative transfer-function
- The midpoint is not half transfer-function × 2 · hero
Yule–Nielsen on three papers · Oklab under D65
- Newsprint turns a tint with its colour, not its gain cam-sweep × 7 · hero
a four-colour press model under D65 · ΔE₀₀ as the price
- A press is charged for the direction it barely moves curve × 7 · hero
a lattice, and what lies between it · D50
- A profile interpolates light profile-table × 8 · hero
a reader partly adapted to the paper · Bradford · Oklab under D65
- A reader sees the reversal until almost adapted cam-sweep × 6 · hero
brightened office sheet · 150-line dots · Oklab
- A thin dot edge lets the glow back in cam-sweep × 6 · hero
brightened office sheet · 20 µm spots grown into clumps · 6 µm rim · Oklab
- A growing clump prints like the screen with as many dots cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- The rim was never most of the glow cam-sweep × 7 · hero
brightened office sheet · 20 µm spots in clusters of 2–4 · 6 µm rim · Oklab
- Squares of four print a pale tint like a 150-line screen cam-sweep × 6 · hero
brightened office sheet · 20 µm stochastic spots · 6 µm rim · Oklab
- Merged spots give the mid-tones half the glow back cam-sweep × 6 · hero
brightened office sheet · 6 µm rim · Oklab
- Stochastic dots hold the glow at every tint cam-sweep × 7 · hero
brightened office sheet · uniform ink film · Yule–Nielsen 3 · Bradford · Oklab
- A light ink can cancel the glow at one strength cam-sweep × 7 · hero
brightened sheet under D65 to 300 nm · Bradford · Oklab
- Adapting to a brightened sheet leaves the glow cam-sweep × 7 · hero
four inks along a saturated ray · 17 nodes · D50 · cap met through a knee
- Off the grey axis a knee trades hue for chroma profile-table × 6 · hero
four inks along the grey axis · 17 nodes · D50
- An ink limit takes the shadows' cast away profile-table × 8 · hero
four inks along the grey axis · 17 nodes · D50 · cap met through a knee
- A knee in the ink limit quiets the shadow profile-table × 6 · hero
four inks along the grey axis · D50
- A little black ends the cast profile-table
- A strategy keeps the refit only where black prints profile-table × 7 · hero
four inks along the grey axis · black from L* 60 · 17 nodes · D50
- The cast returns where black is steep profile-table × 7 · hero
four inks along the grey axis · black from L* 60 · D50
- A little black ends the cast profile-table × 6 · hero
four-ink press at D50 · two dark rays · caps 200–260% · 65 nodes and placed
- Three nodes at the cap's corner cut the dulling by a third profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press at D50 · two dark rays · caps 200–260% · 65 nodes, three placed once
- Shared nodes belong in the deep shadow profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press at D50 · two dark rays · caps 200–260%, eased below L* 20 · 65 nodes
- Easing the cap reaches the deep shadow and no higher profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press at D50 · two dark rays · caps 200–260%, eased on a ramp bent at L* 20 · 65 nodes
- A bent ramp takes more ink and dulls more profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press at D50 · two dark rays · caps 200–260%, eased on ramps from L* 20, 26 or 32 · 65 nodes
- A higher ramp trades one shadow for another profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press at D50 · two dark rays · light-black strategies, caps 200–260% · 9 to 65 nodes
- More nodes quarter the dulling and leave the knee a larger share profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press, D50 · two dark rays · caps eased 0.1–0.2 from L* 17 or 20
- Each dark ray wants its own ease profile-table × 7 · hero
four-ink press, D50 · two dark rays · caps eased from L* 17, 18.5, 20
- A steeper ramp cures the shadow by overshooting it profile-table × 7 · hero
one ink, both directions · D50
- The inverse table errs dark profile-table × 6 · hero
one measured patch, propagated · D50
- The scale hangs from one measurement profile-table × 8 · hero
premium sheet, bleached and yellowed · uniform film · reader adapted · Oklab
- A yellowing base leaves the ink where the glow put it cam-sweep × 7 · hero
premium sheet, partly bleached · uniform ink film · Yule–Nielsen 3 · reader adapted · Oklab
- An ink for a fading sheet is set for its middle age cam-sweep × 7 · hero
premium stock at many loadings · three census sheets · uniform film · Oklab
- The glow alone sets the light ink cam-sweep × 7 · hero
primaries 630/530/465 · CIECAM16, La = peak/5 · BT.2390 on ICtCp intensity
- A curve on intensity cannot see a blue's brightness curve × 7 · hero
primaries 630/530/465 · CIECAM16, La = peak/5 · BT.2390 on intensity, chroma-only return
- Lowering only the chroma turns the sky white and its hue with it curve × 7 · hero
primaries 630/530/465 · CIECAM16, La = peak/5 · BT.2390 per channel or scaled
- An appearance model sees the per-channel sky turn twice as far curve × 7 · hero
red 630 nm line, green core 20 nm at 530 with a tail, blue varied · D65 · ΔEITP at 320 cd/m²
- A green's long tail sharpens the blue; its short tail does not curve × 7 · hero
red 630 nm, green 530 nm, blue varied · D65 · ΔEITP at 320 cd/m²
- A violet primary is no spike to the quantiser curve × 7 · hero
red 630 nm, green and blue varied · D65 · ΔEITP at 320 cd/m²
- The green primary decides how sharp the blue is curve × 7 · hero
red 630, green 530, blue varied · Gaussian primaries · D65 · ΔEITP at 320 cd/m²
- A broad green sharpens the blue; a broad blue dulls it curve × 7 · hero
red 630, green 530, blues varied · D65 · a blue mixed with green · BT.2390 per channel or scaled
- A tone curve per channel turns a sky towards cyan curve × 7 · hero
red 630, green and blue lines varied · D65 · ΔEITP at the blue's delivered level · BT.2390 per channel
- A tone-mapped blue turns where it lands curve × 7 · hero
red 630, green and blue lines varied · D65 · ΔEITP at the display's peak
- Brightness and the green sharpen the blue almost independently curve × 7 · hero
sRGB
- A blown highlight turns gamut-sweep · marks 3 unreachable
- A hex code is not a colour gamut-sweep × 8 · marks 81 unreachable
- A mixture in the variable nobody named blend-space
- The midpoint is not half blend-space × 7
sRGB and BT.2020 in CIELAB · ΔE₀₀'s lengths apart
- The yellow is sharp where the tolerance unit does not compress curve × 6 · hero
sRGB and BT.2020 in CIELAB, D65
- A display's blue is sharp where the rotation is not curve × 6 · hero
sRGB and BT.2020 · CAM16-UCS at D65, 64 cd/m², average surround
- An appearance model flattens the blue by its hue curve × 7 · hero
sRGB and BT.2020 · ΔEITP with the white at 320 cd/m²
- A quantiser keeps the blue a spike curve × 8 · hero
sRGB transfer function
- A lattice has no derivative gamma-probe
- The display is an unknown gamma-probe × 7 · hero
sRGB · 1200 cd/m² peak
- The screen is not the room tone-in-a-room
sRGB · 300 cd/m² peak
- The screen is not the room tone-in-a-room × 5 · hero
- The straight piece under the cube root tone-in-a-room
sRGB · 600 cd/m² peak
- The screen is not the room tone-in-a-room
sRGB, D65
- Simulating what cannot be simulated cvd-compare × 9 · hero
- There is no word for that colour cvd-compare
- Three cones, two axes cvd-compare × 9 · hero
three brightened sheets · uniform ink film · Yule–Nielsen 3 · reader adapted to each sheet · Oklab
- One light ink serves three papers within two degrees cam-sweep × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · 32 × 18 zones · Stiles–Holladay glare · BT.709
- A coloured highlight tints the halo it cannot hide delta-e × 6 · hero
The three axes a gain is applied along
Added with the `depth-02` phase, whose subject is that adaptation scales three signals and which three is a choice nobody records. A figure in this band holds the observer, the surfaces and the illuminant fixed and varies only the basis the diagonal is applied in — so naming an observer on one of them would name the quantity that is *not* moving. The band sits ahead of the named-model band because a basis is a stronger claim than a model: CAT16 is a model, and the axes it is diagonal in are what the picture is about. 23 figures.
CAT16 basis · a partial gain
- A discount nobody measured worth × 2 · hero
- A width nobody varied worth
- An appearance is not always a stimulus worth
- The surround is three rows of a table worth
- Which measurement is worth making worth
basis: 0.25 of the way between them
basis: 0.30 of the way between them
basis: 0.50 of the way between them
basis: 0.60 of the way between them
basis: Bradford
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal
basis: CAT02
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal
basis: CAT16
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal
basis: Hunt–Pointer–Estévez
- A confusion point is a missing pigment copunctal
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal
- The matches do not name the cones orbit × 2 · hero
basis: from the confusion points
- A confusion point is a missing pigment copunctal
basis: the confusion points
- The matches do not name the cones orbit × 2
basis: the construction of König
A named model, at a stated severity
Anything simulated rather than measured. The site's fifth figure rule: “this is what a colourblind person sees” is a claim no method supports, so the model and its severity are named instead. 312 figures.
Brettel–Viénot–Mollon · two cone matrices
- A confusion point is a missing pigment copunctal
- The cones an appearance model uses copunctal
CIECAM16 D, against a two-pool clock
- A viewing condition is a moment gain-time × 3 · hero
CIECAM16 with a crispening term
- The cancellation is exact and cheap to lose viewing-condition × 8 · hero
CIECAM16 · CAM16-UCS
- Measured with an aperture, seen with an eye appearance-gap
- The proof is a different object appearance-gap × 6 · hero
CIECAM16 · CAM16-UCS · 32 × 18 zones · 2,700 K room at 0.1 cd/m²
- Adapting to a warm room deepens the shadows' tint delta-e × 6 · hero
CIECAM16 · a tabulated surround
- A discount nobody measured worth
- The surround is three rows of a table worth × 3 · hero
- What would have to be wrong worth
CIECAM16, read backwards · average surround, La 100
- A stated lightness is two requirements cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- A third of the appearance box is no surface cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- An appearance is not always a stimulus cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- The audit, read as appearances cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- The average surface does not look average cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- The hue scale has four corners cam-sweep × 7 · hero
- The model has a hue shift it was never given cam-sweep × 2
- Where the model's curve does not matter cam-sweep × 8 · hero
Luther–Ives 1927, the fit and its residual
- A camera balances in another basis luther-fit
- A chart decides what a camera scores luther-fit × 5
- A matrix is fitted under one light luther-fit
- A photograph is not a measurement luther-fit
- A sensor designed for its inverse luther-fit
- Correcting colour costs noise luther-fit
- Luther said when it would work luther-fit × 6 · hero
- Saturation is nearly everything luther-fit
- The camera has its own metamers luther-fit
- The coincidence was a mechanism luther-fit
- The objective nobody chose luther-fit × 2
MacAdam 1942 · a nonlinear space
- A difference needs a basis too ellipse-plane × 2 · hero
MacAdam 1942 · one observer
- A compression goes below the floor ellipse-plane
- A difference needs a basis too ellipse-plane
- No diagram makes them circles ellipse-plane
- One matrix doing two jobs ellipse-plane
Shafer 1985, the dichromatic model
- The highlight is the white balance highlight-estimate × 11 · hero
Thibos 1992, the chromatic eye
- Nothing is in focus at both ends chromatic-defocus × 10 · hero
- The eye stops at the lens chromatic-defocus
a coated press at a 320% ink limit · margins in ΔE₀₀
- A tolerance's own unit rounds the corners curve × 6 · hero
a coated press at a 320% ink limit, 33 black levels · corners carried into ΔE₀₀
- The tolerance unit opens every edge curve × 6 · hero
deuteranopia · Brettel–Viénot–Mollon
primaries 630/530/465 · CIECAM16, La = peak/5 · returns along CIECAM16 hue
- The sky a dim display can show best is the master's own curve × 7 · hero
the ambient at a painted wall · CIE 1976 u′v′
- A probe at the wall prices the finish lobe × 7 · hero
ΔE2000 with kL 1 against kL 2
- A mean is not a difference tolerance-odds × 5
- A tolerance is a boundary through pairs tolerance-odds
- Three constants nobody quotes tolerance-odds × 7 · hero
ΔE2000, mean against the tail
- A mean is not a difference tolerance-odds × 2 · hero
- Three constants nobody quotes tolerance-odds
ΔE2000, same pairs
- A mean is not a difference tolerance-odds
- Three constants nobody quotes tolerance-odds
ΔEITP of 5% grey steps · 32 × 18 zones · 1,000 cd/m² at 3000:1 · Stiles–Holladay glare
- The eye's own glare hides most of the halo delta-e × 6 · hero
ΔEITP of 5% grey steps · 32 × 18 zones · 1,000 cd/m² at 3000:1 · dark room
- Two floors trade the screen for the halo delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · 32 × 18 zones · 1,000 cd/m² local dimming · 2,700 K room
- A warm room tints the black, not the halo delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · 32 × 18 zones · 1,000 cd/m² local dimming · 2,700 K room declared from a sensor
- A room sensor must read the lamp to a hundred kelvin delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · 32 × 18 zones · 1,000 cd/m² local dimming · a 2,700 K lamp and daylight
- Lamp and daylight together sit below the locus delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · moon picture at 0.1 cd/m² · three-channel sensor, modelled, recalibrated
- No calibration reads the lamps and the LEDs together delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · moon picture · 1,000 cd/m² local dimming · three-channel sensor, modelled
- A sensor calibrated on lamps cannot read an LED delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · moon picture, 0.1 cd/m² · N Gaussian channels 445–650 nm · each light held out
- Seven channels end the trade and lose the tube delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP · moon picture, 0.1 cd/m² · N channels 445–650 nm · with siblings, each held out
- Relatives, not twins, teach a sensor a tube delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP, moon picture · 445–650 nm channels · 51 lights · 100 noisy reads
- Seven channels carry their noise as lightly as three delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP, moon picture · 445–650 nm channels · 51 lights · dark offset added
- A dark offset pulls every light toward one colour delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP, moon picture · 445–650 nm channels · 51 lights · gains tilted
- A tilt moves every light's reading alike delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔEITP, moon picture · seven channels, 445–650 nm · 51 lights · dark offset 0–8%
- A light's distance from the equal-signal colour sets when it goes delta-e × 7 · hero
ΔE₀₀ after the channels
- A difference has no rate temporal-curve × 5 · hero
ΔE₀₀ as the price · this site's pigment template, varied
- Two filters cancel only in a bright enough room curve × 8 · hero
- Two yellow filters cancel on a slope curve × 6 · hero
ΔE₀₀ · adaptation, varied
- Adaptation turns more pairs off than on curve × 9 · hero
- Quadrature is exact in one room curve × 9 · hero
- The room a surface needs is written in its band curve × 8 · hero
An identity asserted in code
The illusion figures, where the whole rhetorical force rests on an identity that does not look true. `assertSame` compares the emitted strings and throws, so the strip reports a fact about the drawing rather than a promise from the author. 35 figures.
an achromatic scene, asserted
- A grey edge arrives coloured bayer-edge × 7 · hero
- Colour thrown away on purpose bayer-edge
- One step has no choice bayer-edge
checked equal
- Brightness is inferred from edges cornsweet × 9 · hero
- Matching is not appearance simultaneous-contrast × 9 · hero
- These two patches are identical simultaneous-contrast × 8 · hero
A capture device, and its sensitivities
Added with the `imaging` phase, and the second band on this site whose governing choice is not an eye. A camera is three functions of wavelength exactly as an observer is, but they are *different* three functions — and a plot of silicon's quantum efficiency, of a colour-filter dye or of what an infrared-cut filter removes does not change at all when the colour-matching functions do. Naming an observer on one of these would name something the picture is not about. The band sits ahead of the model band deliberately: a sensor is a stated *device* rather than a stated model of perception, and the Luther–Ives figures carry a year that would otherwise capture them. 305 figures.
a camera against a duty cycle
- A photograph is not a measurement pipeline
- Raw is not a picture pipeline
- The shutter samples the lamp pipeline × 4 · hero
a camera and an ambient-light sensor, modelled
- A narrow channel has to be read on its own identifiability × 7 · hero
- Two sensors disagree about deep red, not lines identifiability × 8 · hero
a camera and an ambient-light sensor, modelled · 54 lamps
- Two channels estimate what one can only sort identifiability × 7 · hero
a camera and an ambient-light sensor, modelled · 54 lamps and four siblings, each left out in turn
- Two stages catch the tube and bill the lamps they misplace identifiability × 6 · hero
a camera and an ambient-light sensor, modelled · 54 lamps, each left out in turn
- A straightened channel repeats the one beside it identifiability × 7 · hero
- One ratio reads a peak and a trough identifiability × 7 · hero
- The tube a third channel misses has no family identifiability × 7 · hero
a camera and an ambient-light sensor, modelled · two narrow channels
- The lamps two channels miss are smooth to the camera identifiability × 7 · hero
a camera profile against a population of eyes
- A camera profile is a fit matrix-error
- Fitted to an eye nobody has matrix-error × 2 · hero
- No matrix is right everywhere matrix-error
a camera, balanced on each lamp's own white
- A camera cannot record the excitation oba-clock × 2 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- The brightener is being used up oba-clock · marks 2 unreachable
a diagram of a camera pipeline
- A photograph is not a measurement pipeline × 6 · hero
- A stop is not a stop afterwards pipeline
- One step has no choice pipeline
- Raw is not a picture pipeline × 6 · hero
- The order is not in the documentation pipeline
- The shutter samples the lamp pipeline × 2
- Two converters and one highlight pipeline
a highlight through the sensor's noise
- The converter can choose except where it matters ordering × 8 · hero
a modelled sensor, not a datasheet
- A camera is a fourth observer sensor-curves × 5 · hero
- A corner is corrected by one row sensor-curves × 8 · hero
- One row for every lamp costs the lamps that lose least sensor-curves × 8 · hero
- Only one of these devices adapts sensor-curves
- The coincidence was a mechanism sensor-curves
- The corner of the frame has another filter sensor-curves × 8 · hero
- The grid outside every figure sensor-curves × 5 · hero
a modelled silicon sensor
- Most things are pale in the infrared ir-share
- The filter that makes colour possible ir-share × 10 · hero
- The grid outside every figure ir-share
camera and light sensor, modelled · 54 lamps, each left out
- A classifier that abstains gives up the tube identifiability × 6 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · 14 lamps the census never saw
- New LEDs miss the line their cousins drew identifiability × 7 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · 48 LEDs varied in pump, converter and red phosphor
- LEDs varied in their phosphors fall off every line identifiability × 7 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · 54 lamps left out
- A family's line runs through its neighbours identifiability × 6 · hero
- Radiators and LEDs are one family to the sensor identifiability × 6 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · 89 white LEDs on the locus and at Duv ±0.003 · each left out
- Across a bin, the camera's error bends with the temperature identifiability × 7 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · thirty white LEDs on the locus · red departures
- The converter gives the red phosphor away identifiability × 7 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · thirty white LEDs on the locus · ten-nanometre dips
- A channel at each pump cannot see the recipe identifiability × 7 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · white LEDs built on the Planckian locus
- LEDs built on the locus still fall off the line identifiability × 6 · hero
camera and sensor, modelled · white LEDs on the locus and at Duv ±0.003 · line learned on the locus
- Beside the locus the converter still gives the red away identifiability × 7 · hero
modelled camera and sensor · 89 LEDs left out · 119 at ±0.0015, ±0.006
- A level for each temperature lets the curve be the error's identifiability × 7 · hero
- The line had already undone the squeeze identifiability × 7 · hero
- The red phosphor tilts the warm whites and bends nothing identifiability × 7 · hero
- Two estimates of one red each read their own end identifiability × 7 · hero
modelled camera and sensor · learned at Duv 0, ±0.003 · read at ±0.0015, ±0.006
- The bin's curve holds between its points and breaks beyond them identifiability × 7 · hero
modelled silicon sensor
- A camera profile is a fit matrix-error × 8 · hero
- Fitted to an eye nobody has matrix-error × 5
- No matrix is right everywhere matrix-error × 6 · hero
- The chart decides the profile matrix-error
- The order is not in the documentation matrix-error
modelled silicon sensor, shot noise
- A camera profile is a fit noise-tradeoff
- Correcting colour costs noise noise-tradeoff × 7 · hero
null space of the sensor
- Luther said when it would work cross-metamer
- No matrix is right everywhere cross-metamer
- The camera has its own metamers cross-metamer × 4 · hero · marks 1 unreachable
raw response, no matrix applied
- Most things are pale in the infrared ir-surface × 9 · hero
silicon × dye × filter
- A camera is a fourth observer sensor-stack
- Silicon sees past the visible sensor-stack × 7 · hero
- The filter that makes colour possible sensor-stack
two highlights through the sensor's noise
- Two lamps decide what one lamp could not ordering × 8 · hero
A stated printing condition
Added with the `applied` phase, and the third band here whose governing choice is not an eye. A halftone's area coverages, a Yule–Nielsen exponent, an ink limit and a substrate are properties of a *press*, and a figure about how much of a sheet is covered does not change at all when the colour-matching functions do. The band sits after the two observers deliberately: printing colorimetry is specified with the 1931 2° functions under D50, so most figures in the field name the observer and belong above — what falls here is the remainder, where the governing choice is the condition on the press rather than the eye reading it. 48 figures.
a coated press at a 320% ink limit
- A margin costs a press its corners curve × 8 · hero
- A press makes the cheap route a search curve × 7 · hero
- A projection has no reason to detour curve × 6 · hero
- A tolerance's own unit rounds the corners curve
a coated press at a 320% ink limit · black walked at 9 to 65 levels
- Nine black levels sharpened the press's corners curve × 7 · hero
a coated press at a 320% ink limit · the light yellow tongue
- The yellow stays sharp because it leans curve × 7 · hero
a coated press at a 320% ink limit, 33 black levels · the blue corner and its edges
- The blue corner has nothing to twist curve × 6 · hero
the tube's lines as Voigt profiles · triangular slit = grid step · each peak fitted as a Gaussian
- A line's wings widen the width a table declares tabulation × 6 · hero
A geometry, and how enclosed it is
Added with the `appearance` phase, which brought the first figures on this site whose governing choice is neither an eye nor a standard but a shape. A form factor, an interreflection gain and a metameric match that a corner breaks are all statements about how much of the light comes back — and naming an observer on one of them would name the wrong thing, since changing the colour-matching functions moves nothing the picture is about. The band sits ahead of the stated conditions because a geometry is a stronger claim than a condition: it says which quantity governs rather than merely which value it was held at. 16 figures.
1×1×1 box, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box × 2 · hero
1×1×3 box, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
1×3×1 box, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
2×1×1.5 box, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
2×1×3 box, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
3×1×1 box, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
Lambertian surfaces, closed cavity
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
closed form vs quadrature, unit cube
- A corner is not a wall radiosity-box
where the quadrature stops
- The boundary belongs to the quadrature lobe × 7 · hero
Where the instrument was standing
The other kind of geometry, and it belongs to the measurement rather than to the scene. 45°/0° and d/8° do not measure the same quantity, the difference between them is the interface reflection, and a figure comparing them is a figure about a detector's position. It sits ahead of the stated conditions for the same reason the scene geometry does: it names which quantity governs rather than which value something was held at. 7 figures.
45°/0° and d/8°, Fresnel on a Cauchy index
- An instrument has a geometry measure-geometry × 7 · hero
A viewing geometry, in pixels per degree
Added with the `breadth-01` phase, and the fourth band here whose governing choice is not an eye's spectral sensitivity. A contrast sensitivity function is a statement about *angles*: the same pattern on the same display is above the eye's resolution at one viewing distance and below it at another, and nothing in that changes when the colour-matching functions do. So the figures whose whole content is a spatial frequency name the geometry instead — a pixel pitch and a distance, which together give the pixels per degree everything downstream is computed in. The figures in the same family that draw actual colour patches keep the observer, because the patches are computed through it; the division is which quantity the picture would be wrong without. 35 figures.
10 c/deg, E2 per channel
- A halftone is a luminance object edge-tint
102 px/° at 0.35 m
- How fine a colour edge can be csf-curves
12 c/deg, E2 per channel
- A halftone is a luminance object edge-tint
- A tint at the edge of a page edge-tint × 2
26 c/deg, E2 per channel
- A halftone is a luminance object edge-tint × 2
- A tint at the edge of a page edge-tint × 4 · hero
40 c/deg, E2 per channel
- A halftone is a luminance object edge-tint × 2
41 px/°
- The drift is a luminance mechanism temporal-curve
- The eye is never still temporal-curve
41 px/° at 0.60 m
- How fine a colour edge can be csf-curves × 6 · hero
- Two blurs before the eye's own csf-curves
- What a still eye stops seeing csf-curves
an aperture against an eye, 90 px/°
- Measured with an aperture, seen with an eye appearance-gap × 5 · hero
- The proof is a different object appearance-gap × 2
three channels, cutoffs 55/15/10 c/deg
- A halftone is a luminance object edge-tint × 2 · hero
- A tint at the edge of a page edge-tint
three channels, cutoffs 61/15/10 c/deg
- A tint at the edge of a page edge-tint
three channels, cutoffs 66/16/11 c/deg
- A halftone is a luminance object edge-tint
A temporal channel, and where it gives out
Added with the `breadth-02` phase, and the fifth band here whose governing choice is not an eye's spectral sensitivity. A fusion frequency is a statement about *rates*: the same modulation is seen at fifty hertz and gone at a hundred, and nothing in that changes when the colour-matching functions do. The two temporal channels give out four times apart, so which of them a figure is about is the thing its strip has to name — exactly as the viewing band names an angle rather than an eye. 43 figures.
bounded pool · diffusion length 0.5°
- A gap in the drive, not in the wall fillgap × 8 · hero
- A gap in the drive, not in the wall fillfield
- A pool with an edge fillfield × 8 · hero
luminance channel
- A difference has no rate temporal-curve
- A lamp has a waveform wave-time × 6 · hero
- The drift is a luminance mechanism temporal-curve × 2
- The eye has a shutter wave-time × 7
- The eye is never still temporal-curve × 4 · hero
- The shutter samples the lamp wave-time
- Three ways to dim a lamp wave-time
three channels, at their own fusion frequencies
- The drift is a luminance mechanism temporal-curve × 3 · hero
- The eye is never still temporal-curve
A vocabulary, and how coarsely it is quoted
Added with the `breadth-03` phase, for the one family on this site whose primary data are a measurement of people *talking*. A naming figure's governing choice is neither an eye nor a standard: it is which language's basic terms are being used and how coarsely their centroids are quoted — five CIELAB units here, which is five just-noticeable differences and larger than any industrial tolerance. Naming an observer on one of these would name the wrong thing, since every conclusion in the family survives the observer changing and none of them survives the centroids moving far. 49 figures.
11 basic terms, centroids ±5
- A catalogue is not a vocabulary name-map × 6 · hero · marks 5 unreachable
- A colour has a name name-map × 9 · hero · marks 28 unreachable
- A name in the model's own words name-map × 6 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- A name is not a threshold name-map × 6 · hero · marks 25 unreachable
- A name moves with the reader name-map × 2 · marks 2 unreachable
- A name moves with the room name-map × 7 · hero · marks 26 unreachable
- The hue scale has four corners name-map · marks 23 unreachable
- There is no word for that colour name-map × 7 · hero · marks 50 unreachable
eleven basic terms · a population of eyes, this collection's pigment template
- A name moves with the reader name-map × 5 · hero
A population of observers rather than one
Added with the `breadth-03` phase, and the band that inverts this whole index's premise. Every other figure here names *an* observer because a figure has to be drawn for somebody; these are drawn for two hundred people at once, and what the strip names is the population and the template it was built from. A single observer's name on one of them would be a category error — the picture's whole content is the width of the distribution that a single name hides. 125 figures.
160 observers, designed against the 95th percentile
- A fourth primary is a design primary-design × 2
- A tolerance is a region primary-design
200 observers, spectral index against the 95th percentile
- A tolerance needs a second number transfer-field × 9 · hero
- One unit in another room transfer-field × 2
a fidelity index across a population of eyes
- The index is one observer's opinion whose-index × 6 · hero
a population of eyes
- A template cannot place a point eyecloud × 8 · hero
- A trade between matrices, not people eyecloud × 6 · hero
- The price is also the person eyecloud × 6 · hero
- Two points out of three eyecloud × 6 · hero
- What the audit still cannot reach eyecloud
a population of eyes · the pigment template, varied
- A template is mostly its tail nomogram × 7 · hero
- The band below four hundred nomogram × 7 · hero
- The population rests on a template nomogram × 8 · hero
- Three choices reached nomogram
a population of eyes, this site's pigment template
- A gamut has a population gamut-band × 7 · hero
a population of observers at 1.4× the reference area, 95th percentile
- A fourth primary is a design primary-design × 3 · hero
a population of observers at 1.6× the reference area, 95th percentile
- A fourth primary is a design primary-design × 2
a population of observers at 1.8× the reference area, 95th percentile
- A fourth primary is a design primary-design × 2
population of eyes, one pigment template
- A proof cannot be tuned for readers who disagree profile-table × 7 · hero
- A soft proof is exact for one reader profile-table × 5 · hero
population of eyes, this site's pigment template
- A confusion point is a missing pigment observer-spread
- A gamut has a population observer-spread × 2
- A narrow primary buys a disagreement observer-spread × 8 · hero
- A tolerance is a probability observer-spread × 6 · hero
- Fitted to an eye nobody has observer-spread
- Four primaries have a choice observer-spread × 10 · hero
- The price is also the person observer-spread
A device, at a stated operating point
Added with the `breadth-03` phase, and the sixth band whose governing choice is not an eye. A lamp's angular colour, its behaviour under a dimmer and its thermal transient are properties of a *device* — a die, a converter, a junction temperature, a duty cycle — and none of them changes at all when the colour-matching functions do. What the strip has to name is which lamp and at what operating point, because the same device has a different spectrum in every direction, at every drive level and at every temperature. 38 figures.
a viewing booth as a phosphor-converted luminaire
- The booth is a luminaire tone-in-a-room × 2 · hero
daylight against a phosphor LED · the rod signal's size read two ways
- Age can size the rod signal, if the lens is known observer-audit × 7 · hero
phosphor-converted white LED, stated data-sheet slopes
- A lamp has a direction lamp-device × 7 · hero · marks 1 unreachable
- A lamp switched on is not the lamp measured lamp-device × 6 · hero
- Only one dimmer is invisible lamp-device × 6 · marks 3 unreachable
- The booth is a luminaire lamp-device × 4 · marks 1 unreachable
- Three ways to dim a lamp lamp-device × 6 · hero · marks 6 unreachable
How the filtered field is read
Added with the `breadth-03` phase, for the family whose subject is this site. Its figures compare one claim read two ways — as the largest departure at a point and as the largest surviving component — so the governing choice is neither the filter nor the observer but the *detector*, which is the quantity the previous phase found could change an answer by a factor of a hundred. Naming an observer here would name the one thing that is identical between the two readings being compared. 6 figures.
one filter, two detectors
- A choice with no magnitude two-readings
- A dial has a price two-readings × 2
- The list nobody made two-readings × 3 · hero
An observer built from stated pigment peaks
Added with the `breadth-02` phase, for the figures whose observer is *constructed* rather than standard. A Rayleigh match is a measurement of one person's two long-wavelength pigments, and the figures that draw it are drawn for an observer whose peaks are named in the strip — 566 and 541 nanometres for a normal trichromat, closer together for an anomalous one, and identical for a dichromat. Naming a CIE observer on one of these would name an average over seventeen people, which is the one thing the picture is not about. 63 figures.
fitting weight, lens and macula together · this site's pigment template
- The matches carry their own lens observer-audit × 7 · hero
one field, one adaptation · this site's pigment template
- One field keeps what two rooms divide out observer-audit × 6 · hero
pigment bleaching, τ 120 s, I½ 10^4.3 td
- A lamp switched on is not the lamp measured pigment-clock
- The slowest clock is chemical pigment-clock × 10 · hero · marks 18 unreachable
pigments at 541 and 541 nm
- One match names the observer match-scale
- The laws that make colour add up match-scale × 2
pigments at 552 and 541 nm
- One match names the observer match-scale
pigments at 566 and 541 nm and closer
- One match names the observer match-scale × 4 · hero · marks 4 unreachable
- The laws that make colour add up match-scale × 2 · marks 2 unreachable
pigments at 566 and 541 nm, density 0.40
- The laws that make colour add up match-scale × 3 · marks 3 unreachable
pigments at 566 and 556 nm
- One match names the observer match-scale
pigments at 566 and 566 nm
- One match names the observer match-scale
pigments at 566, 541 and 441 nm
- The laws that make colour add up match-scale × 2 · hero
λmax in nanometres, from the receptors
- A point about the pigments that remain shifted × 7 · hero
- Five transforms and the space between them shifted × 7 · hero
- The claim, in nanometres shifted × 8 · hero
A pooled gain, and how far across the retina it reaches
Added with the `depth-01` phase, for the family whose governing choice is the *extent* of an adaptation pool. A gain that follows the mean of its own neighbourhood is a spatial filter with a clock on it, and everything those figures show — what a stabilised picture loses, in what order, and how large a patch has to be before it goes — is decided by how much retina the pool covers. Naming an observer on one of them would name the one thing that is the same in every panel. 18 figures.
local pool σ 0.5°, achromatic, τ 1/60 s
- What a still eye stops seeing fading-order × 2
local pool σ 0.5°, rg, τ 1/60 s
- What a still eye stops seeing fading-order
local pool σ 0.5°, τ 1/60 s
- What a still eye stops seeing fading-order × 4 · hero
pool σ 0.5°, aspect 1.6, axis 0°
- A fading pool has a shape pool-shape × 5 · hero
- A pool with an edge pool-shape
pool σ 0.5°, aspect 1.6, axis 30°
- A fading pool has a shape pool-shape
pool σ 0.5°, aspect 1.6, axis 45°
- A fading pool has a shape pool-shape
pool σ 0.5°, aspect 1.6, axis 60°
- A fading pool has a shape pool-shape
pool σ 0.5°, aspect 1.6, axis 90°
- A fading pool has a shape pool-shape
pool σ 0.5°, aspect 2.5, axis 0°
- A fading pool has a shape pool-shape
A place on the retina
Added with the `depth-01` phase. The macular pigment is the fovea's and nowhere else's, so a person's colour-matching functions depend on where on their retina the light landed — which is what makes the CIE's two standard observers two observers rather than one. What the strip names here is an eccentricity and the pigment profile it implies, because the observer is the same person at both ends of it. 17 figures.
one retina, macular density from 0° to 10°
- One person is two observers off-axis × 7 · hero
- The filters inside the eye off-axis × 6
one retina, macular density from 0° to 20°
- One person is two observers off-axis
- The filters inside the eye off-axis
one retina, macular density from 0° to 6°
- One person is two observers off-axis × 2
A clock, and what it belongs to
Added with the `depth-01` phase, for the figures whose governing choice is a *rate of change* rather than a state. A room has four time constants in it — two neural, one chemical and one in the lamp — and which of them a picture is about is the thing its strip has to say. The band sits apart from the temporal one deliberately: that one names a fusion frequency, which is about what an eye can follow, and this one names a settling time, which is about how long something takes to stop moving. 12 figures.
four clocks: 1/60 s neural, 120 s pigment, 150 s thermal
- The room settles after the eye does room-clocks × 9 · hero · marks 7 unreachable
τ = 1 s and 60 s
- A gain has a time constant gain-time
- A viewing condition is a moment gain-time
- What a still eye stops seeing gain-time
Two models in one computation
Added with the `depth-01` phase, for the family whose subject is this site. Its figures compare one claim computed with a single model against the same claim computed with two, so the governing choice is neither model but the *joint* — and naming an observer would name something identical on both sides of the comparison. 6 figures.
one model against two
- What a second model changed two-models × 6 · hero
The built output itself
For the two figures that weigh this site rather than drawing anything about colour. Their subject is the size of the drawings the collection emits and what an interactive control would multiply it by, so there is no observer, no space and no illuminant to name — the governing quantity is a byte count. It sits before the stated-condition band, which is the catch-all and would otherwise take it on the word *measured*, and having it separate is the point: a figure whose subject is the artefact rather than the subject matter should be findable as such. 5 figures.
the built output, measured in bytes
- A dial has a price two-readings × 3 · hero
- The list nobody made two-readings × 2
A stated condition
A luminance, a field size, a viewing distance or an adapting level that the figure is only true at. Naming it is the same discipline as naming an observer, applied to the quantity that happens to govern. 489 figures.
1 wide, 2.5 tall, depth varied · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces
- The finish stops costing the paint six tenths deep lobe × 8 · hero
1 wide, height and depth varied · floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces
- A taller box must be deeper before the finish adds colour lobe × 7 · hero
100 cd/m²
- A difference has no rate temporal-curve
- The drift is a luminance mechanism temporal-curve × 2
- The eye has a shutter temporal-curve × 2 · hero
- The eye is never still temporal-curve
2.5 tall, floor 2.5 long · satin 0.2 on grey faces · six strips a side
- The pocket has a step where its bottom should be lobe × 7 · hero
2.5 tall, floor painted · satin 0.2 on grey faces · six strips · 72 paints
- The pale paints cross the tip last lobe × 7 · hero
2.5 tall, floor painted · satin 0.2 on grey faces · six strips · near the tip
- The wedge of loss comes to a point lobe × 7 · hero
2.5 tall, floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · six strips a side
- The window of loss closes from both ends lobe × 7 · hero
2.5 tall, long floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · six strips a side
- A long floor never loses its colour to the finish lobe × 7 · hero
2.5 tall, square floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · six strips a side
- A square floor needs more room than a long one lobe × 7 · hero
2.5 tall, width and depth varied · floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces
- The width moves the turn only when it is the narrower side lobe × 6 · hero
4 and 2.5 tall, floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · six strips a side
- A room scaled whole loses its floor to the last digit lobe × 8 · hero
4 tall, floor painted · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · six strips a side
- A taller room keeps its floor losing in proportion lobe × 7 · hero
546 nm line behind a narrower layer · slit = grid step
- A notch in a line is never refused tabulation × 7 · hero
546 nm line through its own atoms · slit = grid step · Gaussian peaks
- A reversed line is read as one line tabulation × 7 · hero
72 paints · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · read on the painted faces
- The paint itself gains all or nothing lobe × 6 · hero
72 paints · satin at roughness 0.2 · faces divided five or six times a side
- The paint's own light does not order the rooms lobe × 6 · hero
72 paints · satin at roughness 0.2 · faces divided n × n
- Divided faces keep the census's count and lose its rule lobe × 6 · hero
- The tall room gains once its walls are divided lobe × 6 · hero
a banded lens at sixty · five numbers from eight starts · 20 sessions
- A lost lens band goes to age or the macula observer-audit × 7 · hero
a corner as a geometry and as a viewing condition
- A corner moves both terms metamer-corner × 3 · hero
- Two paints that stop matching metamer-corner × 2
a lens of the wrong shape, fitted by the model's · forty-two settings a pair
- A lens of the wrong shape lands in the macula observer-audit × 7 · hero
a signature, and what it identifies
- Four places to clamp are two pipelines ordering × 7 · hero
a slit, and what undoes it
- A finer table is a worse table tabulation × 8 · hero
- A linear repair for a bilinear loss tabulation × 7 · hero
- One slit, two requirements tabulation × 7 · hero
an observer at sixty with a lens band and a moved macula · six numbers · 20 sessions
- A second session keeps a band and the macula apart observer-audit × 7 · hero
an observer at sixty · its macula's peak moved, or a lens band · 20 sessions
- A macula three nanometres short is a lens band observer-audit × 7 · hero
average surround, 100 cd/m²
- A gain has a time constant gain-time × 8 · hero
- A viewing condition is a moment gain-time × 4
clear mercury lamp · 40 nm bands, steep side 4–14 nm, 5% Lorentzian
- The ranking reads six nanometres to the direction whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp · 40 nm bands, steep side 5 or 14 nm, 0–5% Lorentzian
- A five-nanometre flank carries a fiftieth of Lorentzian whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp · 40 nm bands, steep side 5–14 nm, 0 or 5% Lorentzian
- A narrower flank moves its wing in with it whiteness × 7 · hero
clear mercury lamp · 40 nm bands, steep side 5–14 nm, 5% Lorentzian
- Each direction falls short by one band's ratio whiteness × 7 · hero
every line behind a column half its width · ceiling with each window's notch · one-nanometre table
- A ceiling that knows the notch holds to the deepest column tabulation × 7 · hero
every line behind a column half its width · each peak fitted with a notch
- Two nanometres hide the yellow's notch from any fit tabulation × 6 · hero
every line behind a column half its width · the yellow's notch fitted · one-nanometre table
- The notch fit declares the true width, and the true width runs out tabulation × 6 · hero
every line behind a cool column · cores 1.2–3.6 nm · tables at 2–5 nm
- A broad line brings the notch back to a wide table tabulation × 7 · hero
every line behind a cool column · tables at 2–5 nm · notch borrowed from 1 nm
- A wide table needs no notch to borrow tabulation × 7 · hero
every line behind a cool column · two-nanometre table · notch borrowed from 1 nm
- A coarse table can borrow a notch, but not a phantom tabulation × 7 · hero
every line behind its own column · 2 nm slit · each peak fitted as a Gaussian
- A stricter fit declares a wider line tabulation × 6 · hero
every line behind its own column · slit = grid step
- A reversed tube declares from its least reversed line tabulation × 6 · hero
every pair of slits, three grids · this site's analytic observer
- A finer grid keeps the price of separating tabulation × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · band and moved macula · one session · 4 nm prior on the shift · five starts
- A soft prior on the macula frees the lens band observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · band and moved macula · one session · 4–8 nm priors
- A wider prior gives the moves back by spending the band observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · band and moved macula · refitted from more starts
- One session has a second valley observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · band and moved macula · shift bounded ±6 nm · five starts
- A bound on the macula trades false moves for hidden ones observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · band and moved macula · three sessions · 6 nm prior
- A third session finds the edge band and counts bands misplaced observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · band and moved macula · two sessions · 6 nm prior
- A second session leaves the prior one job observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · lens band and macula · density fixed at the wrong value
- A density a tenth wrong costs the band more than fitting it observer-audit × 6 · hero
observer at sixty · lens band and macula · twenty noisy experiments · density fixed or free
- A wrong density shifts every experiment alike near the macula observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · lens band and moved macula · density fixed or measured
- Knowing the macula's density frees two sessions, not the line on its peak observer-audit × 8 · hero
observer at sixty · lens band and moved macula · six numbers
- A line on the macula's flank buys less than a repeated session observer-audit × 7 · hero
observer at sixty · three sessions · band bounded to 400–460 nm
- A band held near the lens closes the valley the prior could not observer-audit × 7 · hero
one 5 nm slit on each table · this site's analytic observer
- A declared width buys a factor of two tabulation × 6 · hero
- The tables cannot bound what they discarded tabulation × 7 · hero
one tube's correction · 5 nm grid, slits 5 and 1 · analytic observer
- A correction travels with its lines tabulation × 7 · hero
reversed tube · 2.4 nm core, wings 0–¼ of it · tables 4–6 nm
- Wings make a broad line easier to bound from its core tabulation × 7 · hero
reversed tube · 2.4 nm core, wings 0–½ of it · tables 3–6 nm
- Wings rescue a three-nanometre table only to its deepest column tabulation × 7 · hero
reversed tube · 2.4 nm core, wings 0–½ · three-nanometre table · ceiling for the notched line
- A ceiling built for the notch holds the three-nanometre table tabulation × 7 · hero
satin at roughness 0.2 · rays from 9 points a face
- A grey finish mirrors the lamp onto the paint lobe × 7 · hero
sharpened on stored values against light · print at 40 cm
- A hairline spills its error onto the paper profile-table × 7 · hero
- A serif moves the error and adds little profile-table × 7 · hero
sharpened on stored values against light · print at 40 cm · stem held, spacing varied
- A closed counter adds a little to a junction profile-table × 7 · hero
sharpened on stored values against light · print at 40 cm · three weights of one design
- A junction gathers by the width of its stem profile-table × 6 · hero
sharpened on stored values · print at 40 cm
- Width and height each carry half the counter's gain profile-table × 6 · hero
slit = grid step · each window's peak read from the table · this site's analytic observer
- A narrow table can vouch for its own peaks tabulation × 7 · hero
slit = grid step · lamp declares its true line width · this site's analytic observer
- A narrow slit shrinks the error, not the bound tabulation × 7 · hero
surround ratio 0.18
- A display in a room is a smaller display room-solid
surround ratio 0.21
- A display in a room is a smaller display room-solid × 2 · hero
surround ratio 0.24
- A display in a room is a smaller display room-solid
surround ratio 0.25
- A display in a room is a smaller display room-solid × 2
surround ratio 0.26
- A display in a room is a smaller display room-solid
the tall narrow slot · satin at roughness 0.2 on the grey faces · read on the painted face
- The slot's loss survives every finer division lobe × 6 · hero
the tube through a triangular slit · slit = grid step · widths read from seven entries
- A narrow table declares its own lines tabulation × 6 · hero
three tubes through a triangular slit · slit = grid step · each peak fitted as one line
- A table can refuse a pair it cannot resolve tabulation × 7 · hero
what a shutter can and cannot see
- Flicker sorts lamps the wrong way identifiability × 8 · hero