The figure library
No figure on this site is a drawing that was made once and saved. Each one is a function: it takes a spectrum, an observer and a viewing condition, and returns SVG — so the same generator draws the chromaticity diagram under the 1931 2° observer and under the 1964 10° one without either being redrawn, and the difference between the two plates is a difference between two integrals rather than between two drawings.
That is the reason the collection can keep growing without the illustrations drifting apart. A generator is written once, checked once, and every essay that calls it inherits the same line weights, the same colour roles, the same behaviour in dark mode — and the same refusal to draw a colour the display cannot show as though it could. There are 155 of them so far, reached for by 469 essays in 697 distinct pairings — counting an essay once per generator it calls, however many figures it draws with it.
Reuse is the number that decides whether any of this is sustainable, which is why it is published rather than kept in a plan. A generator written for one essay and never called again is a design failure and not a neutral cost. The count beside each name is how many essays instantiate it, and the phase ledger refuses to advance if the ratio falls.
It is also the blast radius. Changing a generator changes every figure in its list at once, so that list is what has to be rebuilt and looked at before the change is believed — a bad shared helper once broke a hundred and eighty-one figures across four of these sites, and was caught only because somebody rebuilt immediately and knew where to look.
Each generator has its own page, drawn at its defaults — which is almost never how an essay calls it, since a placement states the numbers that essay is arguing about. What each essay asks for instead is on the observer index, which reads the observer and the unreachable fraction back out of the finished figures rather than out of the source that made them.
Each page also lists the options its generator actually reads, and that list is
the one thing here worth checking a placement against. An option a placement passes that the
function does not read is silently ignored: the figure draws its defaults under a caption
describing something else, and every other gate passes on it. That is not hypothetical. Three
figures on this site named the 1931 observer under captions about the 1964 one, for three
phases, because a single generator spelled the option observer where a hundred and
six spell it obs. Every placement in the collection is checked against these names
now, and the lists are printed so a reader can check too.
Whatever colour is in any of these drawings began as a spectral power distribution and was integrated against a named observer before it was written down. The strip along each figure's bottom edge says which one — so a generator whose strip never changes is a label carrying no information, and the observer index is where that shows up.
Spectra and illuminants
6 generators
-
blackbody3 essays
Blackbody spectra from Planck's law, 2000 to 10000 K -
collapse2 essays
A spectrum, weighted three ways, and the three numbers left over -
illuminant1 essay
Illuminant D65 and the white it produces -
illuminant-set2 essays
Four standard illuminants, and how little they have in common -
matching-functions5 essays
The CIE 1931 colour-matching functions -
reflectance4 essays
One reflectance, two illuminants, two colours
Real light sources
6 generators
-
cct-locus4 essays
Colour temperature, and the number nobody quotes beside it -
fluorescence2 essays
A sample with two reflectance curves, and neither below one -
lamp4 essays
triphosphor fluorescent — three narrow phosphors plus the mercury lines, and the white it produces -
lamp-pair5 essays
Mixtures of 2700 K and 6500 K, on the diagram colour temperature is defined on -
lamp-set2 essays
Several sources on one scale -
whose-index1 essay
A colour rendering index, computed for everybody instead of for one observer
What a scene does to a spectrum
13 generators
-
bounce3 essays
A spectrum after 2 bounces off the same surface -
bounce-drift1 essay
How far three channels drift from eighty-one, per bounce -
cavity-gain3 essays
The interreflection gain of a room, band by band -
depth-series2 essays
The same medium at six path lengths -
dichromatic-split3 essays
A glossy surface returns two spectra, and only one of them is the paint -
film-angle2 essays
One film, five viewing angles -
metamer-corner2 essays
A metameric match that a corner breaks -
mixed-light3 essays
One white balance across a scene lit by two lamps -
optimal-solid2 essays
What no surface can be more colourful than -
paint-mix2 essays
Mixing two paints and stacking two filters are different operations -
radiosity-box1 essay
The form-factor matrix of the box -
solved-room3 essays
Every face of the solved room -
sun-sky2 essays
The two components of daylight, computed from one radiator and one scattering law
The retina, and what it sends on
3 generators
-
cone-optics4 essays
The L cone's sensitivity at three axial pigment densities -
observer-mismatch4 essays
How far a match comes apart when the observer changes -
purkinje2 essays
The same two surfaces, weighed by each system
The eye as an optical instrument
2 generators
-
chromatic-defocus2 essays
Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye, focused at 555 nm -
mosaic-ratio2 essays
Three retinas of different composition, making identical colour matches
Colour vision, and its variants
1 generator
-
cvd-compare3 essays
One palette under normal vision and three dichromacies
Gamut and chromaticity
4 generators
-
blend-paths2 essays
One pair of colours, blended in four spaces -
gamut-compare5 essays
sRGB, Display P3 and Rec. 2020 compared on the chromaticity diagram -
gamut-sweep2 essays
A constant-lightness hue circle at chroma 0.13, with the unreachable arcs hatched -
horseshoe3 essays
The CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram with its unreachable region marked
Metamerism
1 generator
-
metamer-pair7 essays
Two different spectra that are the same colour
Purity and dominant wavelength
1 generator
-
dominant-construction1 essay
Dominant wavelength as a construction on the diagram, against equal-energy E
Photometry and efficacy
1 generator
-
efficacy-ceiling1 essay
Luminous efficacy of a monochromatic source, under the 2° observer
Gamut volume and counting
4 generators
-
count-by-metric1 essay
Distinguishable colours in sRGB, counted under two difference formulae -
metric-anisotropy1 essay
The ΔE = 1 contour at points across the L* = 55 plane, magnified 14× -
room-solid1 essay
How much colour a display delivers, against how bright the room is -
shadow-and-solid1 essay
Chromaticity-triangle area against CIELAB volume, both relative to sRGB
Uniformity, measured
5 generators
-
delta-e7 essays
Three colour-difference formulae, disagreeing -
macadam5 essays
MacAdam's discrimination ellipses, drawn 10 times actual size -
metric-axioms1 essay
The worst triple found, under ΔE2000 -
rank-swap1 essay
ΔE2000 against ΔE76, for pairs near one unit -
tolerance-odds3 essays
The three constants a specification does not quote
Appearance modelling
6 generators
-
cam-sweep17 essays
Brightness against chroma, at exactly constant luminance -
cat-comparison3 essays
Four adaptation transforms, measured against CAT16 (D65 to D50) -
lightness-scales2 essays
Three lightness scales, seventy years apart -
luminance-effects2 essays
Colourfulness rises with light level; apparent contrast does not -
unique-hues4 essays
The four unique hues, and the axes they are said to define -
viewing-condition10 essays
One stimulus, three rooms, three appearances
Constancy and the estimated illuminant
1 generator
-
constancy-scene1 essay
five greens, no neutral, under D65 — four guesses at the illuminant
What the brain does that the numbers do not
4 generators
-
afterimage-pair1 essay
One adapting colour, two answers -
cornsweet1 essay
The Cornsweet edge, with its luminance profile -
gamma-probe2 essays
A gamma probe: which grey matches a half-white dither? -
simultaneous-contrast2 essays
Two identical grey patches on different surrounds
Displays and encodings
2 generators
-
blend-space2 essays
The same gradient blended two ways -
transfer-function3 essays
The sRGB transfer function, and the gamma 2.2 curve it is not
Colour in practice
6 generators
-
bandpass2 essays
A 20 nm bandpass, and what it does to the sample -
grid-error1 essay
A fluorescent source at 5 nm and at 20 nm, sampled -
threshold-vs-suprathreshold2 essays
Threshold and suprathreshold contours, normalised to the same size -
tolerance-shape3 essays
A box tolerance and a ΔE tolerance around the same colour -
transfer-curves1 essay
Three ways to spend a thousand code values -
ucs-diagram2 essays
The 1976 uniform chromaticity diagram, with the unreachable region marked
Cameras, sensors and reproduction
12 generators
-
bayer-edge3 essays
A grey edge, reconstructed from a Bayer row, arrives coloured -
clip-hue4 essays
A clipped channel turns the hue of what is left -
cross-metamer3 essays
Two reflectances the camera records as identical -
highlight-estimate1 essay
Recovering the lamp from a highlight rather than from an assumption -
ir-share3 essays
How much of what an unfiltered sensor records is invisible -
ir-surface1 essay
One reflectance, four different infrared tails, and what the camera makes of each -
luther-fit11 essays
A silicon sensor's best possible impersonation of the standard observer -
matrix-error5 essays
A camera profile is a fit, and the sample set is a hidden argument to it -
noise-tradeoff2 essays
Correcting colour costs noise, and the two cannot both be least -
pipeline7 essays
Everything between the photons and the picture, and what each stage decides -
sensor-curves7 essays
A camera's spectral sensitivities, after the infrared-cut filter -
sensor-stack3 essays
The red channel, as the three things multiplied to make it
Ink, profiles and delivery
10 generators
-
appearance-gap2 essays
Lightness against colourfulness, in a booth and on a screen -
chroma-loss1 essay
An edge at 4:2:2, and the colour it arrives as -
halftone-mosaic3 essays
A halftone tint, its four regions, and what they average to -
ink-spectra6 essays
The process inks as transmittance -
intent-map2 essays
A gradient of one hue, mapped into a press's gamut 2 ways -
print-gamut5 essays
What a press and a display can reach at L* = 50 -
profile-table20 essays
How wrong a profile is between its entries -
separation-family2 essays
What separates the separations, and under which light -
tone-in-a-room3 essays
The tone scale of one display, in four rooms -
tone-ramp3 essays
A cyan tint ramp, with no gain of either kind
The eye as a spatial instrument
2 generators
-
csf-curves3 essays
Contrast sensitivity, three channels, normalised to each channel's peak -
seen-pattern2 essays
A chromatic line screen at 1.7 cycles per degree
The frequency plane
2 generators
-
plane-power2 essays
A screen at 45°, 8 c/°, and where its energy sits -
screen-sweep4 essays
How loud a screen is, against the angle it is turned to
The light as a waveform
2 generators
-
temporal-curve4 essays
Temporal sensitivity, and where each channel gives out -
wave-time4 essays
A 100 hertz drive, and whether anybody sees it
Where in the eye, and which eye
3 generators
-
edge-tint2 essays
A halftone tint away from the centre of gaze, two ways -
field-patches3 essays
One colour difference, at four places in the visual field -
field-profile2 essays
Cone density, out from the centre of gaze
Gains with time constants
1 generator
-
gain-time3 essays
An afterimage, as the local pool coming back to equilibrium
Matching, and the laws it rests on
1 generator
-
match-scale2 essays
One match, and what it says about the observer making it
The names colours have
1 generator
-
name-map8 essays
The eleven basic colour terms, at their quoted centroids
The observer as a distribution
1 generator
-
observer-spread7 essays
One exact match, handed to two hundred people
The lamp as a device
1 generator
-
lamp-device5 essays
The colour of a beam, against the angle it leaves at
The pigment's own clock
1 generator
-
pigment-clock2 essays
How much of the pigment each situation is using up
This site, read twice
1 generator
-
two-readings3 essays
Every filtered claim in these essays, read at a point and read as components
What a still eye stops seeing
1 generator
-
fading-order1 essay
Where a pooled gain gives out, against where the eye does
Where on the retina the light landed
1 generator
-
off-axis2 essays
The yellow screen that covers the fovea and nothing else
The clocks a room runs on
1 generator
-
room-clocks1 essay
Four clocks, and only three of them are in the eye
A display, designed
1 generator
-
primary-design2 essays
What a wider gamut costs in observer agreement
Whether a tolerance transfers
1 generator
-
transfer-field2 essays
One tolerance decision, about pairs that agree less and less about the spectrum
One model against two
1 generator
-
two-models1 essay
Every claim here that was computed with one model, recomputed with two
What a gain can and cannot remove
1 generator
-
gain-census16 essays
Every change of light this site models, and how much of it a gain removes
The axes adaptation is diagonal in
1 generator
-
gain-basis6 essays
Every published adaptation transform, and one computed from daylight, on every change
Where the instrument was standing
1 generator
-
measure-geometry1 essay
The same twenty-four samples, measured two standard ways
A gamut, across a population
1 generator
-
gamut-band1 essay
Which of these paints the display can show, and to how many people
The fading pool, given an axis
1 generator
-
pool-shape2 essays
A stabilised grating fades at a rate that depends on which way its bars run
The band below 380 nanometres
5 generators
-
bispectral8 essays
A radiance factor, split into the part that was reflected and the part that was not -
measure-condition4 essays
Six sheets, four standard measurement conditions, and every pair of them -
oba-clock3 essays
A whiteness measurement has a date on it -
uv-band8 essays
Six functions of wavelength, and the six different places they stop -
whiteness13 essays
How much of a whiteness figure is the sheet, and how much is the lamp
The nine numbers a match cannot see
2 generators
-
copunctal8 essays
Where a dichromat's confusions converge -
orbit3 essays
One observer's matching functions, in three of the bases the matches leave free
Diagrams, and what survives being drawn on another
2 generators
-
ellipse-plane5 essays
MacAdam's ellipses, drawn on one diagram -
plane-census2 essays
What share of the diagram the sRGB triangle covers, in twelve published coordinate systems
How many measurements it takes
2 generators
-
identifiability10 essays
What each fitted thing in these essays carries, what its data fix, and what is left -
probe-bank2 essays
An instrument, as the only thing it really is
Two things to want from one basis
2 generators
-
floors2 essays
The floor as a function of the exponent, and the fixed basis beside it -
objectives8 essays
Every basis against both objectives at once
The axes a device chose without knowing
2 generators
-
dyes3 essays
The dyes a camera has, and the dyes an adaptation basis would want -
primaries3 essays
Three published primary sets, and a fourth chosen for how it adapts
What fills in, and what shape it takes
2 generators
-
fillfield2 essays
The same border signal, filled in with a boundary and without one -
fillgap1 essay
What a broken border costs, against how much of it is missing
The shape of an optimum
3 generators
-
constraint5 essays
What a constraint costs is how far it pushes, in the directions that are seen -
curvature8 essays
Nine eigenvalues, six of which exist -
deviceaxes2 essays
Which of a camera's three dyes each direction moves
What a sample of a set cannot see
2 generators
-
sampling6 essays
The minimum sits in a notch the width of the answer's reciprocal -
worstscene3 essays
Best on the average, undefined at the edge
The three points, given a population
1 generator
-
eyecloud5 essays
The protan confusion point, at the scale the population occupies
What a conclusion is worth, given what it rests on
1 generator
-
worth11 essays
How far each published number moves when a declared width does
A worst case, and the bound it is a statement about
1 generator
-
bound6 essays
Three bounds on the same family, and three different worst cases
A tolerance under more than one objective
1 generator
-
region5 essays
What a display's red primary is allowed to be, under four requirements at once
The objective at the places nobody optimised
1 generator
-
elsewhere4 essays
At a published matrix the slope arrives long before the bowl
The set an average is taken over
1 generator
-
over20 essays
What one change of light costs, surface by surface — daylight to tungsten
A claim in the unit its evidence has
1 generator
-
shifted3 essays
The same claim in nanometres of pigment, where no declared width can reach it
The unit a number is printed in
1 generator
-
ruler16 essays
How far each unit is from being a rescaling of the one this collection publishes in
What the observer is allowed to know
1 generator
-
reach4 essays
What an observer is left with, by how much it is allowed to know about the room
The shape an eye is built out of
1 generator
-
nomogram4 essays
Four pigment templates at 566 nm, each normalised to its own peak
Light that leaves where it did not arrive
1 generator
-
lateral15 essays
The share of a sample's reflectance an aperture recovers, by how wide it is
The directions the number was averaged over
1 generator
-
angular4 essays
The reflectance of one surface, against the direction the light arrives from
The indices the model integrated away
1 generator
-
marginal10 essays
Four departures from the model equation, each at an ordinary strength
The grid the integral is summed over
1 generator
-
tabulation22 essays
What a tabulation step costs, by light, on vermilion
The observer, as a construction
1 generator
-
observer-audit34 essays
Six departures of the observer, each at a stated strength, under a 6500 K thermal radiator
The room, with a lobe on its walls
1 generator
-
lobe17 essays
What the Lambertian assumption costs a room, against how rough its walls are
What a deviation costs, and where
1 generator
-
curve25 essays
One surface dimmed sixteen times, and the two things that happen to it
The order the operations happen in
1 generator
-
ordering11 essays
Three exchanges, two of which move the colour